Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

(17 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ

|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk

|states=[[w:~~Altai mountains~~|~~Altai mountain region~~]]

|states=The areas along the [[w:Katun (river)|Katun]] and [[w:Biya (river)|Biya]]

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]

|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]

|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]

~~|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]~~

|script1=Runr

|script2=Latn

|script3=Brai

|script3=Cyrl

|script4=Brai

|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]

|ancestor2=[[~~w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse~~]]

|ancestor2=[[Pre-Húsnorsk]]

|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]

|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}

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|stand1=Varhúsnorsk

|familycolor=Indo-European

|minority=[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]][[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]][[w:Mongolia|~~Northern~~ Mongolia]]

|minority=[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]][[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]][[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]

|speakers=(L1) 400,000

|speakers2=(L2) 20,000

Line 33:

}}

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>

==History==

===Name===

Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.

===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

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As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-~~umlaut~~ ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

======Feminine patterns======

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

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===Verbs===

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

Jugsnorsk verb tables display a set of future forms, these are composed of the supine + the corresponding reduced form of ''vasa''

====Strong verbs====

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

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=====Class 1=====

=====Class 2=====

=====Class 3=====

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

======Class 3-e======

======Class 3-a======

======Class 3-ø======

=====Class 4=====

=====Class 5=====

=====Class 6=====

=====Class 7=====

Class 7 has entirely collapsed into a weak pattern, as the originaly paradigm ''a/æ'' became ''a/a'', making the past and present fall together.

the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

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Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. ~~Though~~ the ~~tables presented here are fully regular as~~ a strong 5 verb, ~~forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these~~.

This first verb is the main copula. This verb was once suppletive but has since been leveled to the root ''vas-'', a strong class 5 verb, meaning it is no longer suppletive.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=~~vaja~~|~~vaj~~|váj~~|1js=vé~~|2js=vé}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=~~vaja~~|~~vaj~~|váj|~~1js~~=vé|~~2js~~=vé}}

===Numerals===

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

! Jugsnorsk

! Nygadsnorsk

! Pre-Húsnorsk

|-

! 1

| énj

| æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)

|-

! 2

| t(v)í

| twí

| twæiʀ

|-

! 3

| þrí

| trí

| þrīʀ

|-

! 4

| faví

| fędí

| fæþwiʀ

|-

! 5

| fāf

| femm

| *fæmf

|-

! 6

| saks

| sęsk

| sæks

|-

! 7

| savū

| sęvu

| *sævu(n)

|-

! 8

| áktū

| áttu

| *āhtu(n)?

|-

! 9

| nū

| nu

| *nu(n)?

|-

! 10

| tū

| tu

| *tu(n)?

|-

|}

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

! Jugsnorsk

! Nygadsnorsk

! Pre-Húsnorsk

|-

! 1

| èði

| éndi

| æinþi

|-

! 2

| týði

| twédi

| twæiþi

|-

! 3

| þríði

| trídi

| þrīþi

|-

! 4

| faðði

| fęddi

| fæþþi (< *fæðwiði)

|-

! 5

| faddi

| fæddi (< *fændi)

|-

! 6

| sakti

| sętti

| *sæhti

|-

! 7

| safti

| sęfti

| *sæfti

|-

! 8

| ákti

| átti

| *āhti?

|-

! 9

| nȳði

| nydi

| *ny(n)þi

|-

! 10

| tȳði

| tydi

| *ty(n)þi

|-

|}

==Syntax==

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A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for ~~half~~-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and ~~half~~-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary

A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary

==References==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
 |ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
-|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
+|states=The areas along the [[w:Katun (river)|Katun]] and [[w:Biya (river)|Biya]]
 |fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
 |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
 |fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
-|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
 |script1=Runr
 |script2=Latn
-|script3=Brai
+|script3=Cyrl
+|script4=Brai
 |ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
-|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
+|ancestor2=[[Pre-Húsnorsk]]
 |ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
 |ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |stand1=Varhúsnorsk
 |familycolor=Indo-European
-|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
+|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]</small>
 |speakers=(L1) 400,000
 |speakers2=(L2) 20,000
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>
+[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>
 ==History==
+===Name===
+Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.
 ===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
 In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
@@ Line 544: / Line 546: @@
 As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|és}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
 The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|nejl}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|najl}}
+In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:
 {{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}}
-Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlaut ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
+Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
 ======Feminine patterns======
 The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.
@@ Line 572: / Line 575: @@
 ===Verbs===
 Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.
+Jugsnorsk verb tables display a set of future forms, these are composed of the supine + the corresponding reduced form of ''vasa''
 ====Strong verbs====
 Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
@@ Line 578: / Line 583: @@
 =====Class 1=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grépa|type=1|grép|grip}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grépa|type=1|grép|grip}}
 =====Class 2=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lǿga|type=2|lǿg|lug}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lǿga|type=2|lǿg|lug}}
 =====Class 3=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
+Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
+======Class 3-e======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=vedda|type=3-e|vedd|udd}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=vedda|type=3|vedd|udd}}
+======Class 3-a======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=vanna|type=3-ø|vann|unn}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=vanna|type=3|vann|unn}}
+======Class 3-ø======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=søkka|type=3-ø|søkk|sukk}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=søkka|type=3|søkk|sukk}}
 =====Class 4=====
 =====Class 5=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=t|type=5|gat|gát}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=t|type=5|gat|gát}}
 =====Class 6=====
 =====Class 7=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
+Class 7 has entirely collapsed into a weak pattern, as the originaly paradigm ''a/æ'' became ''a/a'', making the past and present fall together.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=gagga|gagg|gaggð}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=gagga|gagg|gaggð}}
 the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.
@@ Line 611: / Line 628: @@
 Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
-This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
+This first verb is the main copula. This verb was once suppletive but has since been leveled to the root ''vas-'', a strong class 5 verb, meaning it is no longer suppletive.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vasa|vas|váj|2js=væ}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vasa|vas|váj|2js=væ}}
+===Numerals===
+The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! Jugsnorsk
+! Nygadsnorsk
+! Pre-Húsnorsk
+|-
+! 1
+| énj
+| énj
+| æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
+|-
+! 2
+| t(v)í
+| twí
+| twæiʀ
+|-
+! 3
+| þrí
+| trí
+| þrīʀ
+|-
+! 4
+| faví
+| fędí
+| fæþwiʀ
+|-
+! 5
+| fāf
+| femm
+| *fæmf
+|-
+! 6
+| saks
+| sęsk
+| sæks
+|-
+! 7
+| savū
+| sęvu
+| *sævu(n)
+|-
+! 8
+| áktū
+| áttu
+| *āhtu(n)?
+|-
+! 9
+| nū
+| nu
+| *nu(n)?
+|-
+! 10
+| tū
+| tu
+| *tu(n)?
+|-
+|}
+{{Jugsnorsk adj pos|we=n|lem=énj|én|nsn=étt}}
+This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! Jugsnorsk
+! Nygadsnorsk
+! Pre-Húsnorsk
+|-
+! 1
+| èði
+| éndi
+| æinþi
+|-
+! 2
+| týði
+| twédi
+| twæiþi
+|-
+! 3
+| þríði
+| trídi
+| þrīþi
+|-
+! 4
+| faðði
+| fęddi
+| fæþþi (< *fæðwiði)
+|-
+! 5
+| faddi
+| faddi
+| fæddi (< *fændi)
+|-
+! 6
+| sakti
+| sętti
+| *sæhti
+|-
+! 7
+| safti
+| sęfti
+| *sæfti
+|-
+! 8
+| ákti
+| átti
+| *āhti?
+|-
+! 9
+| nȳði
+| nydi
+| *ny(n)þi
+|-
+! 10
+| tȳði
+| tydi
+| *ty(n)þi
+|-
+|}
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 1,315: / Line 1,460: @@
 {{Jugsnorsk familial terms}}
-A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for half-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and half-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary
+A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}