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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Each dialect has the exact same number of phonemes, as their only phonological differences are phoneme pronunciation. They do not differ in allophony or phonotactics.
Each dialect has the exact same number of phonemes, as their only phonological differences are phoneme pronunciation, except for Duskel where the Lanikel phonemes /əː ɲ̩ j̩̃/ (Kliqel phonemes /ɛː ɲ̩ ɲ̩ʷ/) merge with Duskel's /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː c ʂʼ/ phonemes, respectively. They do not differ in allophony or phonotactics.


=== Pitch Accent ===
=== Pitch Accent ===
Line 140: Line 140:
|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /ɱ n ɲ ŋ v ð z ʒ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. The consonants /ɱ n ɲ ŋ v ð z ʒ w l j w̃ l̃ j̃ ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" |Front
!Front
! colspan="2" |Near-Front
!Near-Front
! colspan="2" |Near-Back
!Near-Back
! colspan="2" |Back
!Back
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|i
|iː
|ɪ
|ɪ
|ɪː
|ʊ
|ʊ
|ʊː
|u
|u
|uː
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|e
|e
|eː
|ə
|ə
|əː
|ʌ
|ʌ
|ʌː
|o
|o
|oː
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|a
|a
|aː
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑ
|ɑː
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.


=== Kliqel Inventory ===
=== Kliqel Inventory ===
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|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /m n ɲ ɴ β ð z ʝ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. The consonants /m n ɲ ɴ mʷ nʷ ɲʷ β ð z ʝ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="4" |Back
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unrounded
!Unrounded
! colspan="2" |Rounded
!Rounded
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|i
|iː
|ɯ
|ɯ
|ɯː
|u
|u
|uː
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Close-Mid
|e
|e
|eː
|ɤ
|ɤ
|ɤː
|o
|o
|oː
|-
|-
!Open-Mid
!Open-Mid
|ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛː
|
|
|
|ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|a
|a
|aː
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑ
|ɑː
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.


=== Duskel Inventory ===
=== Duskel Inventory ===
Duskel is the second oldest, created much closer to Lanesil than Lanikel's current phonology. It was created to be an "evil" version of Iskel, but only for aesthetics. Duskel was never prioritized, so it only changed once after it was created, which was upon the creation of this wiki when it was finally updated to have sounds corresponding to all the new Iskel phonemes that have been added.
Duskel, also spelled Dreos'kel, is the second oldest, created much closer to Lanesil than Lanikel's current phonology. It was created to be an "evil" version of Iskel, but only for aesthetics. Duskel was never prioritized, so it only changed once after it was created, which was upon the creation of this wiki when it was finally updated to have sounds corresponding to all the new Iskel phonemes that have been added.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|
|
|}
|}
The consonants /m ɳ ɢ ɟ β z ʐ ɣ ʝ ɭ j r ɹ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /r/. The consonants /m ɳ ɢ ɟ β z ʐ ɣ ʝ ɭ j ɰ r ɽ ɹ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Central
! colspan="4" |Back
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unrounded
!Unrounded
! colspan="2" |Rounded
!Rounded
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|
|
|
|
|
|ɯ̰̤̃́ːː
|
| colspan="2" |ɯ̰̤̃́ːː
|
|
|
|-
|-
!High
!High
|ɪ
|ɪ
|ɪː
|ə
|ə
|əː
|ɯ
|ɯ
|ɯː
|ʊ
|ʊ
|ʊː
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛː
|œ
|œ
|œː
|ʌ
|ʌ
|ʌː
|ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
|-
!Low
!Low
|
|
|
|
|ɐ
|ɐː
|ɑ
|ɑ
|ɑː
|
|
|
|}
|}
All vowels can be long except for /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/.


=== Romanizations ===
=== Romanizations ===
 
''See [[Lanikel orthography]], [[Kliqel orthography]], and [[Duskel orthography]] for additional details on each dialect's romanization.''
==== Gemination ====
Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter. Consonant clusters are distinguished from consonant clusters by placing an apostrophe between each consonant until ambiguity is removed (e.g. /θ th/ are ⟨th t'h⟩, and /ʀː ɾʀ ʀɾ/ are ⟨rrr r'rr rr'r⟩).
 
==== Vowels ====
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
 
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels. 
 
==== Syllabic Consonants ====
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the overdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṅg ṙr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the overdot can be placed ⟨ṅy⟩. All syllabic /v̩ ð̩/ are written with ⟨b d⟩ instead of ⟨v dh⟩, and so receive the overdot as ⟨ḃ ḋ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the second letter.
 
==== Tones ====
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their overdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩.  High tone syllabic consonants /v̩ ð̩/ are written with a bar instead of an acute accent ⟨ƀ đ⟩.
 
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
 
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written the same as their toneless forms, but followed by an apostrophe. Some may choose to not add the apostrophe and instead replace the overdot with an underdot.
 
Low tone is marked with an exclamation mark preceding the syllable.
 
==== List of Romanization ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" |Lanikel
! colspan="4" |Lanikel
Line 674: Line 592:
|u
|u
!/mʷ/
!/mʷ/
|m'
|mů
!/u/
!/u/
|u
|u
Line 704: Line 622:
|e
|e
!/ɣ/
!/ɣ/
|g
|gh
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|e
|e
Line 713: Line 631:
|ē
|ē
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
|kz
|cn
!/eː/
!/eː/
|ē
|ē
!/ŋ͡ǁ/
!/ŋ͡ǁ/
|nl
|nj
!/ɛː/
!/ɛː/
|ē
|ē
|-
|-
!/k͡ʇ/
!/k͡ʇ/
|ds
|d
!/ə/
!/ə/
|eo
|eo
!/k͡ʇ/
!/k͡ʇ/
|ks
|c
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|ae
|ae
!/k͡ǁ/
!/k͡ǁ/
|kl
|kj
! rowspan="2" |/ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/
! rowspan="2" |/ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/
| rowspan="2" |ũ
| rowspan="2" |ũ
Line 806: Line 724:
|a
|a
!/ɭ/
!/ɭ/
|lr
|l
!/ɑ/
!/ɑ/
|a
|a
Line 815: Line 733:
|ā
|ā
!/nʷ/
!/nʷ/
|n'
|nů
!/aː/
!/aː/
|ā
|ā
Line 851: Line 769:
!/k͡ǃ¡/
!/k͡ǃ¡/
|ql
|ql
!
!/ɱ̩/
|
|ṃ
!/k͡ǃ¡/
!/k͡ǃ¡/
|kr
|kr
!
!/m̩/
|
|ṃ
!/k͡ǃ/
!/k͡ǃ/
|kq
|kq
!
!/m̩/
|
|ṃ
|-
|-
!/t͡ʃ/
!/t͡ʃ/
|ch
|ch
!
!/v̩/
|
|ṿ
!/t͡s/
!/t͡s/
|ts
|ts
!
!/β̩/
|
|ṿ
!/t͡s/
!/t͡s/
|ts
|ts
!
!/β̩/
|
|ṿ
|-
|-
!/d͡ʒ/
!/d͡ʒ/
|j
|j
!
!/w̩/
|
|ẉ
!/r/
!/r/
|rr
|rr
!
!/w̩/
|
|ẉ
!/d͡z/
!/d͡z/
|dz
|dz
!
!/ʝ̍/
|
|ÿ
|-
|-
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
|sh
|sh
!
!/w̩̃/
|
|w'
!/ç/
!/ç/
|ch
|hy
!
!/m̩ʷ/
|
|ṃů
!/ʂ/
!/ʂ/
|sr
|sr
!
!/ɰ̍/
|
|ẉ
|-
|-
!/ʒ/
!/ʒ/
|zh
|zh
!
!/ð̩/
|
|ḍ
!/ʝ/
!/ʝ/
|j
|j
!
!/ð̩/
|
|ḍ
!/ʐ/
!/ʐ/
|zr
|zr
!
!/ɣ̍/
|
|gḥ
|-
|-
!/ɲ/
!/ɲ/
|ñ
|ñ
!
!/n̩/
|
|ṇ
!/ɲ/
!/ɲ/
|ñ
|ñ
!
!/n̩/
|
|ṇ
!/c/
!/c/
|c
|c
!
!/ɳ̩/
|
|ṇ
|-
|-
!/ʎ̝̊/
!/ʎ̝̊/
|hl
|hl
!
!/z̩/
|
|ẓ
!/ɬ/
!/ɬ/
|hl
|lh
!
!/z̩/
|
|ẓ
!/ʛ/
!/ʛ/
|g'
|g'
!
!/z̩/
|
|ẓ
|-
|-
!/j/
!/j/
|y
|y
!
!/l̩/
|
|ḷ
!/j/
!/j/
|y
|y
!
!/l̩/
|
|ḷ
!/j/
!/j/
|y
|y
!
!/ɭ̩/
|
|ḷ
|-
|-
!/j̃/
!/j̃/
|y'
|y'
!
!/l̩̃/
|
|ḷ'
!/ɲʷ/
!/ɲʷ/
|ñ'
|ñů
!
!/n̩ʷ/
|
|ṇů
!/ʂʼ/
!/ʂʼ/
|s'
|s'
!
!/ɽ̍/
|
|ḍ
|-
|-
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
|qñ
|qñ
!
!/ɾ̩/
|
|ṛ
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
|kñ
|kñ
!
!/ɾ̩/
|
|ṛ
!/m͡ʞ/
!/m͡ʞ/
|mk
|mk
!
!/r̩/
|
|rṛ
|-
|-
!/k͡ǂ/
!/k͡ǂ/
|qy
|q
!
!/ɲ̩/
|
|ṇh
!/k͡ǂ/
!/k͡ǂ/
|ky
|ky
!
!/ɲ̩/
|
|ṇh
!/m̥͡ʞ/
!/m̥͡ʞ/
|pk
|pk
Line 994: Line 912:
!/ŋ/
!/ŋ/
|ng
|ng
!
!/ʒ̩/
|
|ẓh
!/ɴ/
!/ɴ/
|gn
|ng
!
!/ʝ̍/
|
|ÿ
!/ɟ/
!/ɟ/
|gy
|dj
!
!/ʐ̍/
|
|ẓr
|-
|-
!/k/
!/k/
|k
|k
!
!/j̍/
|
|ÿ
!/q/
!/q/
|q
|q
!
!/j/
|
|ỵ
!/kʼ/
!/kʼ/
|k
|k
!
!/j̍/
|
|ỵ
|-
|-
!/ɡ/
!/ɡ/
|g
|g
!
!/j̩̃/
|
|ÿ'
!/k͡ʇʰ/
!/k͡ʇʰ/
|kt
|ch
!
!/ɲ̩ʷ/
|
|ṇẙ
!/ɢ/
!/ɢ/
|gr
|gr
Line 1,033: Line 951:
!/x/
!/x/
|x
|x
!
!/ŋ̩/
|
|ṇg
!/x/
!/x/
|x
|x
!
!/ɴ̩/
|
|ṇg
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
|sh
|sh
!
!/ɟ̍/
|
|ḍj
|-
|-
!/ʀ/
!/ʀ/
|rr
|rr
!
!/ʀ̩/
|
|ṛr
!/ʀ/
!/ʀ/
|gg
|gg
!
!/ʀ̩/
|
|ṛr
!/ɹ/
!/ɹ/
|yr
|yr
!
!/ɹ̩/
|
|yṛ
|-
|-
!/ʔ/
!/ʔ/
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