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'''Lanikel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.


== Romanization ==
== Romanization ==


==== Gemination ====
=== Basic Phonemes ===
Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter. Consonant clusters are distinguished from consonant clusters by placing an apostrophe between each consonant until ambiguity is removed (e.g. /θ th/ are ⟨th t'h⟩, and /ʀː ɾʀ ʀɾ/ are ⟨rrr r'rr rr'r⟩).
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wň, ṽ'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lň, ł'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yň,''' '''ỹ'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''clň, ċn'''
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ, ĉn'''
|
|
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''c'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl, ċ'''
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy, ĉ'''
|
|
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|}
 
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ẉň'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ḷň'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏň'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
 
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).
 
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).  


==== Vowels ====
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
 
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃň'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇň'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉň'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺň'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀň'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷň'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ýň'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿň'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏň'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}


==== Syllabic Consonants ====
=== Gemination ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨nh⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇh⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  


==== Tones ====
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńh ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nyy''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''clňň''
|''cññ''
|''cc''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''ċnn''
|''ĉnn''
|''cc''
|''ċċ''
|''ĉĉ''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''wwň''
|''llň''
|''yyň''
|''rrr''
|-
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉň''
|''ḷḷň''
|''ẏẏň''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃň''
|''ĺĺň''
|''ýýň''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇň''
|''ŀŀň''
|''ÿÿň''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉň''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷň''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏň''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|-
|''ī''
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
|''î''
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
|''ǐ''
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. When using digraph notation, all of the combinations in the chart below are necessary to use, except those with the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩. When using diacritic notation, only the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩ combinations are necessary to use.  


Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).


Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.


Low tone is marked with an exclamation mark preceding the syllable.
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.  
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
|-
! rowspan="2" |cl
|''cl''
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="3" |ccl
|''ccl''
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|/ɪ/
! rowspan="2" |īe
|''īe''
|/ɪː/
|-
|''c'l''
|/k͡ʇl/
|''c'cl''
|/k͡ʇk͡!¡/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|''īë''
|/iː.e/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''cc'l''
|/k͡ʇːl/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|/i.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
|''ch''
|/t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |chh
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|/ʊ/
! rowspan="2" |ūo
|''ūo''
|/ʊː/
|-
|''c'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|''ūö''
|/uː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|/u.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |cn
|''cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ccn
|''ccn''
|/k͡ʇːn/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|/ə/
! rowspan="2" |ēo
|''ēo''
|/əː/
|-
|''c'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''c'cn''
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ʇ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|-
! rowspan="2" |cñ
|''cñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="2" |ccñ
|''ccñ''
|/k͡ʇːɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|/e.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
|''c'ñ''
|/k͡ʇɲ/
|''c'cñ''
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ǂ/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|/ʌ/
! rowspan="2" |ōe
|''ōe''
|/ʌː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |clň
|''clň''
|/ŋ͡!¡/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|''ōë''
|/oː.e/
|-
|''c'lň''
|/k͡ʇl̃/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|/o.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |cy
|''cy''
|/k͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |ccy
|''ccy''
|/k͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|/ɑ/
! rowspan="2" |āo
|''āo''
|/ɑː/
|-
|''c'y''
|/k͡ʇj/
|''c'cy''
|/k͡ʇk͡ǂ/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|''āö''
|/aː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''cc'y''
|/k͡ʇːj/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|/a.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="3" |cnn
|''cnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="40" |
|-
|''cn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇn/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
|''c'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |cññ
|''cññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''cñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''c'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ċn
|''ċn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ċċn
|''ċċn''
|/k͡!¡ːn/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''ċ'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ċ'ċn''
|/k͡!¡ŋ͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |ċnn
|''ċnn''
|/ŋ͡!¡ː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|''ċn'n''
|/ŋ͡!¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|''ċ'nn''
|/k͡!¡nː/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ĉn
|''ĉn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ĉĉn
|''ĉĉn''
|/k͡ǂːn/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|''ĉ'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ĉ'ĉn''
|/k͡ǂŋ͡ǂ/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="28" |
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |ĉnn
|''ĉnn''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|''ĉn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǂn/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|''ĉ'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''dz''
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|''d'z''
|/ðz/
|''d'dz''
|/ðd͡z/
! colspan="3" rowspan="23" |
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/ðːz/
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|-
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ngg''
|/ŋː/
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|-
|
|
|
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''ny''
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |nyy
|''nyy''
|/ɲː/
|-
|''n'y''
|/nj/
|''ny'y''
|/ɲj/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''n'yy''
|/njː/
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|-
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|-
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |shh
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
|''th''
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |thh
|''thh''
|/θː/
|-
|''t'h''
|/th/
|''th'h''
|/θh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''t'hh''
|/thː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''zh''
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zhh
|''zhh''
|/ʒː/
|-
|''z'h''
|/zh/
|''zh'h''
|/ʒh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"