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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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=== Basic Phonemes ===
=== Basic Phonemes ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''c'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|
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![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
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![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''dh'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wň, ṽ'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lň, ł'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yň,''' '''ỹ'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|
|-
|-
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![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''dn'''
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''qn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''clň, ċn'''
|
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''qñ'''
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ, ĉn'''
|
|
|
|
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![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''d'''
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''c'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''ql'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl, ċ'''
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''q'''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy, ĉ'''
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|}
 
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="21" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
!Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''qnn''
|''qññ''
|''dd''
|''qql''
|''qq''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''ňll''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Vowel
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!e
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|}
|}


=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
 
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Labial
!Dental
!Dental
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!Dorsal
!Dorsal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|
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|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
|-
!Long
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|ɱ̩ː '''ṃṃ'''
|
|n̩ː '''ṇṇ'''
|ɲ̩ː '''ṇṇy'''
|ŋ̩ː '''ṇṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Short
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
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|
|
|-
|-
!Long
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|v̩ː '''ṿṿ'''
!Oral
|ð̩ː '''ḍḍ'''
|z̩ː '''ẓẓ'''
|ʒ̍ː '''ẓẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Short
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Long
|w̩ː '''ẉẉ'''
|
|l̩ː '''ḷḷ'''
|j̍ː '''ÿÿ'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
!Nasal
|w̩̃ː '''ňẉẉ'''
|w̩̃ '''ẉň'''
|
|
|l̩̃ː '''ňḷḷ'''
|l̩̃ '''ḷň'''
|j̩̃ː '''ňÿÿ'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏň'''
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|-
!Long
|
|
|
|
|ʀ̩ː '''ṛṛ'''
|}
|}


=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).  


Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).  


Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  


Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
 
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Dental
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!Low
!Low
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
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|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
|-
!Long
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|ɱ̩ː˥ '''ḿḿ'''
|ɱ̩ː˧ '''ṁṁ'''
|ɱ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩ː˥ '''ńń'''
|n̩ː˧ '''ṅṅ'''
|n̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ'''
|ɲ̩ː˥ '''ńńy'''
|ɲ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅy'''
|ɲ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy'''
|ŋ̩ː˥ '''ńńg'''
|ŋ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅg'''
|ŋ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Short
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
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|
|
|-
|-
!Long
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|v̩ː˥ '''ŵŵ'''
!Oral
|v̩ː˧ '''ẅẅ'''
|v̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ'''
|ð̩́ː˥ '''ðð'''
|ð̩ː˧ '''ḋḋ'''
|ð̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ'''
|z̩ː˥ '''ź'''
|z̩ː˧ '''ż'''
|z̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ː˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍ː˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Short
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
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|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Long
|w̩ː˥ '''ẃẃ'''
|w̩ː˧ '''ẇẇ'''
|w̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩ː˥ '''ĺĺ'''
|l̩ː˧ '''ŀŀ'''
|l̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ'''
|j̍ː˥ '''ýý'''
|j̍ː˧ '''ẏẏ'''
|j̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
!Nasal
|w̩̃ː˥ '''ňẃẃ'''
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃň'''
|w̩̃ː˧ '''ňẇẇ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇň'''
|w̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉň'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|l̩̃ː˥ '''ňĺĺ'''
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺň'''
|l̩̃ː˧ '''ňŀŀ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀň'''
|l̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷň'''
|j̩̃ː˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ýň'''
|j̩̃ː˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿň'''
|j̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏň'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|
|
Line 533: Line 368:
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nyy''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''clňň''
|''cññ''
|''cc''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''ċnn''
|''ĉnn''
|''cc''
|''ċċ''
|''ĉĉ''
|-
|-
!Long
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
|
!Phoneme
|
!fː
|
!θː
|
!sː
|
!ʃː
|
!ʎ̝̊ː
|
!xː
|
!hː
|
!vː
|
!ðː
|
!zː
|
!ʒː
|ʀ̩ː˥ '''ŕŕ'''
!wː
|ʀ̩ː˧ '''ṙṙ'''
!lː
|ʀ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ'''
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''wwň''
|''llň''
|''yyň''
|''rrr''
|-
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉň''
|''ḷḷň''
|''ẏẏň''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃň''
|''ĺĺň''
|''ýýň''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇň''
|''ŀŀň''
|''ÿÿň''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉň''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷň''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏň''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|-
|''ī''
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
|''î''
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
|''ǐ''
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. When using digraph notation, all of the combinations in the chart below are necessary to use, except those with the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩. When using diacritic notation, only the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩ combinations are necessary to use.  


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).


When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
 
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.  
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
Line 592: Line 833:
!Distinction
!Distinction
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
! rowspan="2" |cl
|''ch''
|''cl''
|/t͡ʃ/
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="3" |chh
! rowspan="3" |ccl
|''chh''
|''ccl''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|''ṇy''
Line 608: Line 849:
|/ɪː/
|/ɪː/
|-
|-
|''c'h''
|''c'l''
|/ʔh/
|/k͡ʇl/
|''ch'h''
|''c'cl''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/k͡ʇk͡!¡/
|''ṇ'y''
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|/n̩j/
Line 620: Line 861:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|''cc'l''
|/ʔhː/
|/k͡ʇːl/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|''ńy''
Line 629: Line 870:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dh
! rowspan="2" |ch
|''dh''
|''ch''
|/ð/
|/t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |dhh
! rowspan="3" |chh
|''dhh''
|''chh''
|/ðː/
|/t͡ʃː/
|''ń'y''
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|/n̩˥j/
Line 644: Line 885:
|/ʊː/
|/ʊː/
|-
|-
|''d'h''
|''c'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|/k͡ʇh/
|''dh'h''
|''ch'h''
|/ðh/
|/t͡ʃh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|''ṅy''
Line 657: Line 898:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|''ṅ'y''
Line 665: Line 906:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dn
! rowspan="2" |cn
|''dn''
|''cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
! rowspan="2" |ccn
|''dnn''
|''ccn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/k͡ʇːn/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 681: Line 922:
|/əː/
|/əː/
|-
|-
|''d'n''
|''c'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|/k͡ʇn/
|''dn'n''
|''c'cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ʇ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
Line 692: Line 933:
|/eː.o/
|/eː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |cñ
|''d'nn''
|''cñ''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="2" |ccñ
|''ccñ''
|/k͡ʇːɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|''ṇg''
Line 702: Line 946:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''c'ñ''
|''dz''
|/k͡ʇɲ/
|/d͡z/
|''c'cñ''
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ǂ/
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
Line 717: Line 959:
|/ʌː/
|/ʌː/
|-
|-
|''d'z''
! rowspan="2" |clň
|/k͡ʇz/
|''clň''
|''d'dz''
|/ŋ͡!¡/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |ńg
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|''ńg''
Line 729: Line 971:
|/oː.e/
|/oː.e/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'lň''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇl̃/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|/n̩˥ɡ/
Line 738: Line 979:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
! rowspan="2" |cy
|''hl''
|''cy''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/k͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
! rowspan="3" |ccy
|''lhh''
|''ccy''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/k͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|''ṅg''
Line 754: Line 995:
|/ɑː/
|/ɑː/
|-
|-
|''h'l''
|''c'y''
|/hl/
|/k͡ʇj/
|''lh'h''
|''c'cy''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|/k͡ʇk͡ǂ/
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ɡ/
Line 765: Line 1,006:
|/aː.o/
|/aː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''l'hh''
|''cc'y''
|/lhː/
|/k͡ʇːj/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 775: Line 1,016:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
! rowspan="3" |cnn
|''ng''
|''cnn''
|/ŋ/
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="40" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''cn'n''
|/nɡ/
|/ŋ͡ʇn/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|''ẓh''
Line 798: Line 1,034:
|/iə̯/
|/iə̯/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''c'nn''
|''n'gg''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|/z̩h/
Line 806: Line 1,041:
|/ɪo̯/
|/ɪo̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
! rowspan="3" |cññ
|''qlh''
|''cññ''
|/k͡ǂlh/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|''źh''
Line 815: Line 1,050:
|/i.ə/
|/i.ə/
|-
|-
|''ql'h''
|''cñ'ñ''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ź'h''
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|/z̩˥h/
Line 822: Line 1,057:
|/ɪ.o/
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|-
|''q'lh''
|''c'ññ''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |żh
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|''żh''
Line 830: Line 1,065:
|/i.e.o/
|/i.e.o/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
! rowspan="2" |ċn
|''qng''
|''ċn''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ċċn
|''ċċn''
|/k͡!¡ːn/
|''ż'h''
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|/z̩˧h/
Line 838: Line 1,076:
|/i.eo̯/
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|-
|''qn'g''
|''ċ'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ċ'ċn''
|/k͡!¡ŋ͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 846: Line 1,086:
|/ie̯.o/
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|-
|''q'ng''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ċnn
|''ċnn''
|/ŋ͡!¡ː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|/z̩˩h/
! colspan="3" rowspan="22" |
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
|''ċn'n''
|''ql''
|/ŋ͡!¡n/
|/k͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''ċ'nn''
|/k͡ǂl/
|/k͡!¡nː/
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |ĉn
|''qq'l''
|''ĉn''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ĉĉn
|''ĉĉn''
|/k͡ǂːn/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''ĉ'n''
|''qn''
|/k͡ʇn/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
|''ĉ'ĉn''
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|/k͡ǂŋ͡ǂ/
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="28" |
|-
|-
|''q'n''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂn/
! rowspan="3" |ĉnn
|''qn'n''
|''ĉnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''ĉn'n''
|''q'nn''
|/ŋ͡ǂn/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''ĉ'nn''
|''qñ''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
! rowspan="2" |dz
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''dz''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/d͡z/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|''d'z''
|/ðz/
|''d'dz''
|/ðd͡z/
! colspan="3" rowspan="23" |
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/ðːz/
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|-
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ngg''
|/ŋː/
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|-
|
|
|
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''ny''
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |nyy
|''nyy''
|/ɲː/
|-
|''n'y''
|/nj/
|''ny'y''
|/ɲj/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''n'yy''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/njː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"