Linguifex

Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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=== Basic Phonemes ===
=== Basic Phonemes ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
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|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|
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![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
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|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wň, ṽ'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lň, ł'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yň,''' '''ỹ'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''cňl'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''clň, ċn'''
|
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ'''
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ, ĉn'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''c'''
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''c'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl, ċ'''
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy'''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy, ĉ'''
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|}
|}


=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|w̩̃ '''ẉň'''
|
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|l̩̃ '''ḷň'''
|j̩̃ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏň'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|ī '''ì'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe'''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|ʊ́ '''úo'''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ū '''ù'''
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|ē '''è'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo'''
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
|ə̄ '''èo'''
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
|ʌ́ '''óe'''
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ō '''ò'''
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|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo'''
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
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|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃň'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇň'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẉ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉň'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺň'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀň'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷň'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ýň'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿň'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏň'''
|
|
|
|
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=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their second letter.  
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  


Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.  
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.  
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! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!ɱː
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!k͡ǂː
!k͡ǂː
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''nyy''
|''ngg''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''qq''
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|''gg''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''cnn''
|''cňňl''
|''clňň''
|''cññ''
|''cññ''
|''cc''
|''cc''
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|''ccy''
|''ccy''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''ċnn''
|''ĉnn''
|''cc''
|''ċċ''
|''ĉĉ''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!fː
!fː
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!j̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''thh''
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|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''wwň''
|''ňll''
|''llň''
|''ňyy''
|''yyň''
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|-
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
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|''ḷḷ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ẉẉň''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ḷḷň''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ẏẏň''
|''ṛṛ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
|-
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|''ĺĺ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ýý''
|''ňẃẃ''
|''ẃẃň''
|''ňĺĺ''
|''ĺĺň''
|''ňýý''
|''ýýň''
|''ŕŕ''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
|-
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|''ŀŀ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ẇẇň''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ŀŀň''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ÿÿň''
|''ṙṙ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
|-
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|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉň''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷň''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏň''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
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!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ī''
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''īe''
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|''āo''
|''āo''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
|''ī''
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!iː˥
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!ɑː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''î''
|''î''
|''îe''
|''îe''
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|''âo''
|''âo''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
|''î''
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!iː˧
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!ɑː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǐe''
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|''ǎo''
|''ǎo''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
|''ǐ''
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!iː˩
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!ɑː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
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|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. When using digraph notation, all of the combinations in the chart below are necessary to use, except those with the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩. When using diacritic notation, only the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩ combinations are necessary to use.  


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).


When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.


The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.  
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
Line 752: Line 837:
|/k͡!¡/
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="3" |ccl
! rowspan="3" |ccl
|
|''ccl''
|
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|''ṇy''
Line 766: Line 851:
|''c'l''
|''c'l''
|/k͡ʇl/
|/k͡ʇl/
|
|''c'cl''
|
|/k͡ʇk͡!¡/
|''ṇ'y''
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|/n̩j/
Line 776: Line 861:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|
|''cc'l''
|
|/k͡ʇːl/
!ńy
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|/ɲ̩˥/
Line 791: Line 876:
|''chh''
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/t͡ʃː/
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|''c'h''
|/ʔh/
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |cn
|''cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |cn
|''cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|''c'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''c'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |cñ
|''cñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|''c'ñ''
|/k͡ʇɲ/
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |cňl
|''cňl''
|/ŋ͡!¡/
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|''c'ňl''
|/k͡ʇl̃/
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
!
|
|
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |cy
|''cy''
|/k͡ǂ/
!
|
|
!
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|-
|''c'y''
|/k͡ʇj/
!
|
|
!
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
!
|
|
!
!
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |
|
|
! rowspan="3" |dhh
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
!
|''ń'y''
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|/n̩˥j/
Line 1,031: Line 885:
|/ʊː/
|/ʊː/
|-
|-
|
|''c'h''
|
|/k͡ʇh/
|''dh'h''
|''ch'h''
|/ðh/
|/t͡ʃh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|''ṅy''
Line 1,044: Line 898:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|''ṅ'y''
Line 1,052: Line 906:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |cn
|
|''cn''
|
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
! rowspan="2" |ccn
|''dnn''
|''ccn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/k͡ʇːn/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 1,068: Line 922:
|/əː/
|/əː/
|-
|-
|
|''c'n''
|
|/k͡ʇn/
|''dn'n''
|''c'cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ʇ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
Line 1,079: Line 933:
|/eː.o/
|/eː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |cñ
|''d'nn''
|''cñ''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="2" |ccñ
|''ccñ''
|/k͡ʇːɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|''ṇg''
Line 1,089: Line 946:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''c'ñ''
|''dz''
|/k͡ʇɲ/
|/d͡z/
|''c'cñ''
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ǂ/
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
Line 1,104: Line 959:
|/ʌː/
|/ʌː/
|-
|-
|''d'z''
! rowspan="2" |clň
|/ðz/
|''clň''
|''d'dz''
|/ŋ͡!¡/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |ńg
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|''ńg''
Line 1,116: Line 971:
|/oː.e/
|/oː.e/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'lň''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇl̃/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|/n̩˥ɡ/
Line 1,125: Line 979:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
! rowspan="2" |cy
|''hl''
|''cy''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/k͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
! rowspan="3" |ccy
|''lhh''
|''ccy''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/k͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|''ṅg''
Line 1,141: Line 995:
|/ɑː/
|/ɑː/
|-
|-
|''h'l''
|''c'y''
|/hl/
|/k͡ʇj/
|''lh'h''
|''c'cy''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|/k͡ʇk͡ǂ/
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ɡ/
Line 1,152: Line 1,006:
|/aː.o/
|/aː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''l'hh''
|''cc'y''
|/lhː/
|/k͡ʇːj/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 1,162: Line 1,016:
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
! rowspan="3" |cnn
|''ng''
|''cnn''
|/ŋ/
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
Line 1,173: Line 1,024:
|''ieo''
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="40" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''cn'n''
|/nɡ/
|/ŋ͡ʇn/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|''ẓh''
Line 1,185: Line 1,034:
|/iə̯/
|/iə̯/
|-
|-
|
|''c'nn''
|''n'gg''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|/ɪo̯/
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="6" |
! rowspan="3" |cññ
! rowspan="3" |qlh
|''cññ''
|''qlh''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|/k͡ǂlh/
! rowspan="2" |źh
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|''źh''
Line 1,205: Line 1,050:
|/i.ə/
|/i.ə/
|-
|-
|''ql'h''
|''cñ'ñ''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ź'h''
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|/z̩˥h/
Line 1,212: Line 1,057:
|/ɪ.o/
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|-
|''q'lh''
|''c'ññ''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |żh
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|''żh''
Line 1,220: Line 1,065:
|/i.e.o/
|/i.e.o/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
! rowspan="2" |ċn
|''qng''
|''ċn''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ċċn
|''ċċn''
|/k͡!¡ːn/
|''ż'h''
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|/z̩˧h/
Line 1,228: Line 1,076:
|/i.eo̯/
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|-
|''qn'g''
|''ċ'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ċ'ċn''
|/k͡!¡ŋ͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 1,236: Line 1,086:
|/ie̯.o/
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|-
|''q'ng''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ċnn
|''ċnn''
|/ŋ͡!¡ː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|/z̩˩h/
Line 1,244: Line 1,096:
|/ou̯a̯/
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
|''ċn'n''
|''ql''
|/ŋ͡!¡n/
|/k͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|''ṛr''
Line 1,256: Line 1,104:
|/o.ua̯/
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''ċ'nn''
|/k͡ǂl/
|/k͡!¡nː/
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
Line 1,265: Line 1,111:
|/ou̯.a/
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |ĉn
|''qq'l''
|''ĉn''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ĉĉn
|''ĉĉn''
|/k͡ǂːn/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|''ŕr''
Line 1,274: Line 1,123:
|/o.u.a/
|/o.u.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''ĉ'n''
|''qn''
|/k͡ʇn/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
|''ĉ'ĉn''
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|/k͡ǂŋ͡ǂ/
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="18" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="28" |
|-
|-
|''q'n''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂn/
! rowspan="3" |ĉnn
|''qn'n''
|''ĉnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''ĉn'n''
|''q'nn''
|/ŋ͡ǂn/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''ĉ'nn''
|''qñ''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
! rowspan="2" |dz
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''dz''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/d͡z/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|''d'z''
|/ðz/
|''d'dz''
|/ðd͡z/
! colspan="3" rowspan="23" |
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/ðːz/
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|-
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ngg''
|/ŋː/
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|-
|
|
|
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''ny''
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |nyy
|''nyy''
|/ɲː/
|-
|''n'y''
|/nj/
|''ny'y''
|/ɲj/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''n'yy''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/njː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"