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{{Infobox language
|image            =
|imagesize        =
|imagecaption      =
|name              = Iskel
|nativename        =
|pronunciation    = ís.kel
|pronunciation_key =
|state            =
|setting          =
|created          = 2019
|familycolor      = isolate
|creator          = User:Suqi
|era              =
|script            = Iskel, Latin
|nation            = Iskeland
|map              =
|mapsize          =
|mapcaption        =
|notice            = IPA
}}
'''Iskel''', pronounced [ískel] natively or /ˈɪskəl/ in English, is [[User:Suqi|Suqi's]] first and most developed conlang. It was originally heavily based on Italian, Spanish, Korean, English, and Latin (creating the acronym ISKEL), but has been leaning much more ''a priori'' as development has progressed. Iskel first originated from a much more relex-like, or even code-like language called Lanesil, which only combined elements of English and Spanish in a transparently jumbled way, but was quickly replaced with a new language structure as Suqi learned more about linguistics. Some remnants of Lanesil still exist in Iskel, such as the word ''kire'' (to want) based on the Spanish word ''quiere'' (he/she/it wants), or the word ''to'' (two) based on the English word ''two''.  
'''Iskel''', pronounced [ískel] natively or /ˈɪskəl/ in English, is [[User:Suqi|Suqi's]] first and most developed conlang. It was originally heavily based on Italian, Spanish, Korean, English, and Latin (creating the acronym ISKEL), but has been leaning much more ''a priori'' as development has progressed. Iskel first originated from a much more relex-like, or even code-like language called Lanesil, which only combined elements of English and Spanish in a transparently jumbled way, but was quickly replaced with a new language structure as Suqi learned more about linguistics. Some remnants of Lanesil still exist in Iskel, such as the word ''kire'' (to want) based on the Spanish word ''quiere'' (he/she/it wants), or the word ''to'' (two) based on the English word ''two''.  


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== Dialects ==
== Dialects ==
There are three dialects spoken in Iskel which have different significance depending on which setting they're spoken in. The dialects are '''Lanikel''' [lánikel], '''Kliqel''' [k͡ǁíqel], and '''Duskel''' [ɽʌʂʼkʼɛɭ] (also spelled '''Dreoszkel''' or '''Drąŝkel'''). They differ primarily in phoneme inventory.
There are three dialects spoken in Iskel which have different significance depending on which setting they're spoken in. The dialects are '''Lanikel''' [lánikel], '''Kliqel''' [k͡ǁíqel], and '''Duskel''' [ɽʌʂʼkʼɛɭ] (also spelled '''Drâŝkkel'''). They differ primarily in phoneme inventory.


=== Real-World ===
=== Real-World ===
Line 26: Line 48:


=== Pitch Accent ===
=== Pitch Accent ===
All dialects have the same pitch accent, which includes three tones and tonelessness. The three tones are high, mid, and low. Words can be entirely atonal or entirely tonal, but most often they are a mix of both. All tones are phonemic. Mid tones can occur in words with high, low, or no other tones.  
All dialects have the same pitch accent, which includes three tones and tonelessness. The three tones are high, mid, and low. Words can be entirely atonal or entirely tonal, but most often they are a mix of both. All tones are phonemic. Mid tones can occur in words with high, low, or no other tones. Pitch accent can be applied to vowels and phonemically syllabic consonants, but not allophonically syllabic consonants.  


The high tone is the most common and occurs in most words, usually once.  
The high tone is the most common and occurs in most words, usually once.  
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=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
The phonotactics in all Iskel dialects are the same. There is a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C) syllable structure, with only 3 consonants and 3 vowels (triphthongs or three nuclei) being able to be adjacent at a time. All phonemes can be adjacent to one another except for Lanikel and Kliqel's /ɾ/s and Duskel's /r/. Geminate consonants or long vowels count as one instead of two. No phoneme can occur three times in a row. Long vowels cannot be part of polypthongs.
The phonotactics in all Iskel dialects are the same. There is a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C)(ʰ) syllable structure (where C excludes /ʰ/), with only 3 consonants and 3 vowels (triphthongs or three nuclei) being able to be adjacent at a time. All phonemes can be adjacent to one another except for Lanikel and Kliqel's /ɾ/s and Duskel's /r/. Geminate consonants or long vowels count as one instead of two. No phoneme can occur three times in a row. Long vowels cannot be part of polypthongs.
 
==== Kaḥpíḥpaḥ ====
An unusual suprasegmental feature occurs in all dialects and is known as ''kaḥpíḥpaḥ'' [kaʰ.píʰ.paʰ] in Lanikel (''qaḥpíḥpaḥ'' [qaʰ.píʰ.paʰ] in Kliqel and ''kaḥphíḥphaḥ'' [kʼɑʰ.pʰɪ́ʰ.pʰɑʰ] in Duskel). It is transcribed as aspiration in IPA /ʰ/, and ⟨ḥ⟩ in romanization for all dialects. Some authors choose to transcribe this as a subscript /ₕ/ instead, which also replaces syllable breaks.
 
Phonetically, it is a very brief period of voicelessness, but with the notable absence of any frication, a voiceless glottal approximant if it were a consonant. Its behavior, however, warrants an analysis as a suprasegmental feature rather than a phoneme, although it is phonemic.
 
The ''kaḥpíḥpaḥ'' is very unusual in that not only is its position in a syllable mutually exclusive from the position of any other phoneme, but when a syllable is expanded due to the addition of a morpheme, the ''kaḥpíḥpaḥ'' moves to the end of the new syllable instead of remaining in its original position.
 
=== Allophony ===
In all dialects, plosives preceding other plosives (besides themselves) or a word boundary, always have an audible release. /ʔ/, in the dialects that have it, has no audible release word finally if preceded by a vowel.
 
When the ''kaḥpíḥpaḥ'' occurs after a vowel, the vowel is shortened to approximately half its typical length. After a consonant, the consonant becomes allophonically syllabic on account of being detached from any following vowel.
 
=== Phoneme Inventories ===


All Iskel dialects have a suprasegmental feature that can be analyzed as a phonemic pause.  
==== Lanikel ====
''See [[Lanikel orthography]] for more information about the romanization.''


=== Lanikel Inventory ===
Lanikel's phonology is the oldest, though slight modifications have been made over time. It resembles Lanesil's parent languages English and Spanish more than the other dialects.   
Lanikel's phonology is the oldest, though slight modifications have been made over time. It resembles Lanesil's parent languages English and Spanish more than the other dialects.   


All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. Plosives preceding other plosives, except themselves, or a word boundary always have an audible release. /ʔ/ has no audible release word finally if preceded by a vowel. The consonants /ɱ n ɲ ŋ v ð z ʒ w l j w̃ l̃ j̃ ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.   
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/.   
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|
|
|
|
|}
All syllabic consonants can be long except for /ɾ̩/.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɱ̩]] '''ṃ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|n̩]] '''ṇ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɲ̩]] '''ṇy'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ŋ̩]] '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|v̩]] '''ṿ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ð̩]] '''ḍ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|z̩]] '''ẓ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ʒ̍]] '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|w̩]] '''ẉ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|l̩]] '''ḷ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|j̍]] '''ẏ'''
|
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|w̩̃]] '''ẉǹ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|l̩̃]] '''ḷǹ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|j̩̃]] '''ẏǹ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɾ̩]] '''ṛ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ʀ̩]] '''ṛr'''
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.
All vowels can be long.
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|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]]
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''î'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]]
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''û'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]]
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''ê'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]]
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''ô'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]]
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''â'''
|}
|}
=== Kliqel Inventory ===
 
==== Kliqel ====
''See [[Kliqel orthography]] for more information about the romanization.''
 
Kliqel was created for two purposes: 1) in order to reduce the amount of words that sounded like they came from English and Spanish, and 2) for Suqi to practice pronunciation of unfamiliar clusters. Many of the phonemes were shifted to different values, but kept the same place in their words.
Kliqel was created for two purposes: 1) in order to reduce the amount of words that sounded like they came from English and Spanish, and 2) for Suqi to practice pronunciation of unfamiliar clusters. Many of the phonemes were shifted to different values, but kept the same place in their words.


All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/. Plosives preceding other plosives, except themselves, or a word boundary always have an audible release. The consonants /m n ɲ ɴ mʷ nʷ ɲʷ β ð z ʝ w l j ɾ ʀ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /ɾ/.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! rowspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
!Plain
!Plain
|[[w:IPA_m|m]]
|[[w:IPA_m|m]] '''m'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]]
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]]
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_nasal|ɴ]]
|[[w:voiced_uvular_nasal|ɴ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|
|
|-
|-
![[w:labialization|Labialized]]
![[w:labialization|Labialized]]
|[[w:labialization|mʷ]]
|[[w:labialization|mʷ]] '''mů'''
|
|
|[[w:labialization|nʷ]]
|[[w:labialization|nʷ]] '''nů'''
|
|
|[[w:labialization|ɲʷ]]
|[[w:labialization|ɲʷ]] '''nẙ'''
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="2" |[[w:Plosive_consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Plosive_consonant|Plosive]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]]
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_plosive|q]]
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_plosive|q]] '''q'''
|
|
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_affricate|t͡s]]
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_affricate|t͡s]] '''ts, ĉ'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]]
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_fricative|ɸ]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_fricative|ɸ]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]]
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]]
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative|ɬ]]
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative|ɬ]] '''lh, ł'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]] '''ch, ç'''
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]]
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]]
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_fricative|β]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_fricative|β]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]]
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]]
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_palatal_fricative|ʝ]]
|[[w:voiced_palatal_fricative|ʝ]] '''j'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:glide_consonant|Glide]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:glide_consonant|Glide]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]]
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|[[w:IPA_l|l]]
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|[[w:IPA_j|j]]
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_trill|r]]
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_trill|r]] '''rr'''
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]]
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''g'''
|
|
|-
|-
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![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]]
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]]
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''kn'''
|
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]]
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''kñ'''
|
|
|
|
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![[w:Aspirated_consonant|Aspirated]]
![[w:Aspirated_consonant|Aspirated]]
|
|
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|k͡ʇʰ]]
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|k͡ʇʰ]] '''cs'''
|
|
|
|
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![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]]
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''ct'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]]
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''kr'''
|[[w:tenuis_lateral_click|k͡ǁ]]
|[[w:tenuis_lateral_click|k͡ǁ]] '''kl'''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]]
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''ky'''
|
|
|
|
|}
All syllabic consonants can be long except for /ɾ̩/.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
!Plain
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|m̩]] '''ṃ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|n̩]] '''ṇ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɲ̩]] '''ṇy'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɴ̩]] '''ṇg'''
|-
![[w:labialization|Labialized]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|m̩ʷ]] '''ṃů'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|n̩ʷ]] '''ṇů'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɲ̩ʷ]] '''ṇẙ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|β̩]] '''ṿ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ð̩]] '''ḍ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|z̩]] '''ẓ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ʝ̍]] '''ẏh'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|w̩]] '''ẉ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|l̩]] '''ḷ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|j̍]] '''ẏ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ɾ̩]] '''ṛ'''
|
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ʀ̩]] '''ṛr'''
|}
|}
All vowels can be long.
All vowels can be long.
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|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:close_back_unrounded_vowel|ɯ]]
|[[w:close_back_unrounded_vowel|ɯ]] '''î'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]]
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:close-mid_vowel|Close-Mid]]
![[w:close-mid_vowel|Close-Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ɤ]]
|[[w:close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ɤ]] '''û'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
![[w:open-mid_vowel|Open-Mid]]
![[w:open-mid_vowel|Open-Mid]]
|[[w:open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|ɛ]]
|[[w:open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|ɛ]] '''ê'''
|
|
|[[w:open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|ɔ]]
|[[w:open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|ɔ]] '''ô'''
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]]
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''â'''
|}
|}
=== Duskel Inventory ===
 
==== Duskel ====
''.See [[Duskel orthography]] for more information about the romanization.''
 
Duskel is the second oldest, created much closer to Lanesil than Lanikel's current phonology. It was created to be an "evil" version of Iskel, but only for aesthetics. Duskel was never prioritized, so it only changed once after it was created, which was upon the creation of this wiki when it was finally updated to have sounds corresponding to all the new Iskel phonemes that have been added.
Duskel is the second oldest, created much closer to Lanesil than Lanikel's current phonology. It was created to be an "evil" version of Iskel, but only for aesthetics. Duskel was never prioritized, so it only changed once after it was created, which was upon the creation of this wiki when it was finally updated to have sounds corresponding to all the new Iskel phonemes that have been added.


All consonants can be long except for /r/. Plosives preceding other plosives, except themselves, or a word boundary always have an audible release. /ʔ/ has no audible release word finally if preceded by a vowel.  The consonants /m ɳ ɢ ɟ β z ʐ ɣ ʝ ɭ j ɰ r ɽ ɹ/ and their long counterparts can be syllabic and receive the same pitch accents as vowels.
All consonants can be long except for /r/.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Line 354: Line 486:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:IPA_m|m]]
|[[w:IPA_m|m]] '''m'''
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_nasal|ɳ]]
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_nasal|ɳ]] '''n'''
|
|
|
|
Line 363: Line 495:
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|pʰ]]
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|pʰ]] '''ph'''
|
|
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_affricate|t͡s]]
|[[w:voiceless_alveolar_affricate|t͡s]] '''ts'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_c|c]]
|[[w:IPA_c|c]] '''c'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|
|
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]]
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_palatal_plosive|ɟ]]
|[[w:voiced_palatal_plosive|ɟ]] '''dy'''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_plosive|ɢ]]
|[[w:voiced_uvular_plosive|ɢ]] '''gr'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_fricative|ɸ]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_fricative|ɸ]] '''f'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_s|s]]
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_retroflex_fricative|ʂ]]
|[[w:voiceless_retroflex_fricative|ʂ]] '''sr, ṡ'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]]
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]]
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''kh'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_fricative|β]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_fricative|β]] '''v'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_z|z]]
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_fricative|ʐ]]
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_fricative|ʐ]] '''zr, ż'''
|[[w:voiced_palatal_fricative|ʝ]]
|[[w:voiced_palatal_fricative|ʝ]] '''j'''
|[[w:voiced_velar_fricative|ɣ]]
|[[w:voiced_velar_fricative|ɣ]] '''gh, ǧ'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_approximant|ɹ]]
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_approximant|ɹ]] '''rh'''
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant|ɭ]]
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant|ɭ]] '''l'''
|[[w:voiced_palatal_approximant|j]]
|[[w:voiced_palatal_approximant|j]] '''y'''
|[[w:voiced_velar_approximant|ɰ]]
|[[w:voiced_velar_approximant|ɰ]] '''w'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill_consonant|Trill]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_trill|ʙ]]
|[[w:voiced_bilabial_trill|ʙ]] '''b'''
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_trill|r]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:tap_consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_trill|r]]
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''dh'''
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_flap|ɽ]]
|[[w:voiced_retroflex_flap|ɽ]] '''dr'''
|
|
|
|
Line 413: Line 553:
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Glottalic_consonant|Glottalic]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Glottalic_consonant|Glottalic]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:bilabial_ejective|pʼ]]
|[[w:bilabial_ejective|pʼ]] '''p'''
|
|
|
|
|[[w:retroflex_ejective_fricative|ʂʼ]]
|[[w:retroflex_ejective_fricative|ʂʼ]] '''ŝ'''
|
|
|[[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]]
|[[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]] '''kk'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
Line 426: Line 566:
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_implosive|ʛ]]
|[[w:voiced_uvular_implosive|ʛ]] '''gg'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
Line 432: Line 572:
|
|
|
|
|[[w:nasal_lateral_click|ŋ͡ǁ]]
|[[w:nasal_lateral_click|ŋ͡ǁ]] '''gl'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ]]
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ]] '''kn'''
|
|
|[[w:nasal_velar_click|m͡ʞ]]
|[[w:nasal_velar_click|m͡ʞ]] '''km'''
|-
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_lateral_click|k͡ǁ]]
|[[w:tenuis_lateral_click|k͡ǁ]] '''kl'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ]]
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ]] '''kt'''
|
|
|[[w:velar_click|m̥͡ʞ]]
|[[w:velar_click|m̥͡ʞ]] '''kp'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Percussive_consonant|Percussive]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Percussive_consonant|Percussive]]
|
|
|[[w:bidental_percussive|ʭ]]
|[[w:bidental_percussive|ʭ]] '''x'''
|
|
|
|
Line 453: Line 593:
|
|
|}
|}
All vowels can be long except for /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/.
All syllabic consonants can be long except for /r̩/.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Central_vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
!Unrounded
![[w:Rounded_vowel|Rounded]]
|-
![[w:nasal_vowel|Nasal]]
|
|
|[[w:nasal_vowel|ɯ̰̤̃́ːː]]
|
|-
![[w:High_vowel|High]]
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]]
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
|[[w:close_back_unrounded_vowel|ɯ]]
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]]
|-
![[w:mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|ɛ]]
|[[w:open-mid_front_rounded_vowel|œ]]
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]]
|[[w:open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|ɔ]]
|-
![[w:Low_vowel|Low]]
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]]
|
|}
=== Romanizations ===
''See [[Lanikel orthography]], [[Kliqel orthography]], and [[Duskel orthography]] for additional details on each dialect's romanization.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" |Lanikel
! colspan="4" |Kliqel
! colspan="4" |Duskel
|-
! colspan="2" |Consonants
! colspan="2" |Vowels
! colspan="2" |Consonants
! colspan="2" |Vowels
! colspan="2" |Consonants
! colspan="2" |Vowels
|-
!IPA
!Rom
!IPA
!Rom
!IPA
!Rom
!IPA
!Rom
!IPA
!Rom
!IPA
!Rom
|-
!/ɱ/
|m
!/i/
|i
!/m/
|m
!/i/
|i
!/m/
|m
!/ɪ/
|i
|-
!/p/
|p
!/ɪ/
|î
!/p/
|p
!/ɯ/
|î
!/pʰ/
|ph
!/ɯ/
|î
|-
!/b/
|b
!/ʊ/
|û
!/b/
|b
!/ɑ/
|â
!/ʙ/
|b
!/œ/
|ô
|-
!/f/
|f
!/u/
|u
!/ɸ/
|f
!/u/
|u
!/ɸ/
|f
!/ʊ/
|u
|-
!/v/
|v
!/e/
|e
!/β/
|v
!/e/
|e
!/β/
|v
!/ɛ/
|e
|-
!/w/
|w
!/ə/
|ê
!/w/
|w
!/ɛ/
|ê
!/ʝ/
|j
!/ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/
|û
|-
!/w̃/
|wǹ
!/ʌ/
|ô
!/mʷ/
|mů
!/ɤ/
|û
!/ɰ/
|w
!/ʌ/
|â
|-
!/θ/
|th, þ
!/o/
|o
!/θ/
|th, þ
!/o/
|o
!/x/
|h
!/ə/
|a'
|-
!/ð/
|d
!/a/
|a
!/ð/
|d
!/a/
|a
!/ɣ/
|gh
!/ɑ/
|a
|-
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
|cn
!/ɑ/
|â
!/ŋ͡ʇ/
|cn
!/ɔ/
|ô
!/ŋ͡ǁ/
|nj
!/ɔ/
|ô
|-
!/k͡ʇ/
|ct
!/ɱ̩/
|ṃ
!/k͡ʇ/
|cd
!/m̩/
|ṃ
!/k͡ǁ/
|kj
!/m̩/
|ṃ
|-
!/n/
|n
!/v̩/
|ṿ
!/n/
|n
!/β̩/
|ṿ
!/ɳ/
|nr
!/β̩/
|ṿ
|-
!/t/
|t
!/w̩/
|ẉ
!/t/
|t
!/w̩/
|ẉ
!/ɾ/
|d
!/ʝ̍/
|ÿ
|-
!/d͡z/
|dz
!/w̩̃/
|ňẉ
!/d͡z/
|dz
!/m̩ʷ/
|ṃů
!/pʼ/
|p
!/ɰ̍/
|ẉ
|-
!/s/
|s
!/ð̩/
|ḍ
!/s/
|s
!/ð̩/
|ḍ
!/s/
|s
!/ɣ̍/
|gḥ
|-
!/z/
|z
!/n̩/
|ṇ
!/z/
|z
!/n̩/
|ṇ
!/z/
|z
!/ɳ̩/
|ṇ
|-
!/l/
|l
!/z̩/
|ẓ
!/l/
|l
!/z̩/
|ẓ
!/ɭ/
|l
!/z̩/
|ẓ
|-
!/l̃/
|lǹ
!/l̩/
|ḷ
!/nʷ/
|nů
!/l̩/
|ḷ
!/ɽ/
|dr
!/ɭ̩/
|ḷ
|-
!/ɾ/
|r
!/l̩̃/
|ňḷ
!/ɾ/
|r
!/n̩ʷ/
|ṇů
!/r/
|rr
!/ɽ̍/
|ḍ
|-
!/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
|cǹ
!/ɾ̩/
|ṛ
!/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
|kn
!/ɾ̩/
|ṛ
!/ŋ͡ǃ/
|nq
!/r̩/
|rṛ
|-
!/k͡ǃ¡/
|cl
!/ɲ̩/
|ṇy
!/k͡ǃ¡/
|kr
!/ɲ̩/
|ṇy
!/k͡ǃ/
|kq
!/ʐ̍/
|ẓr
|-
!/t͡ʃ/
|ch, č
!/ʒ̩/
|ẓh
!/t͡s/
|ts
!/ʝ̍/
|ÿ
!/t͡s/
|ts
!/j̍/
|ỵ
|-
!/d͡ʒ/
|j
!/j̍/
|ẏ
!/r/
|rr
!/j/
|ỵ
!/d͡z/
|dz
!/ɟ̍/
|ḍj
|-
!/ʃ/
|sh, š
!/j̩̃/
|ňÿ
!/ç/
|ch
!/ɲ̩ʷ/
|ṇẙ
!/ʂ/
|sr, š
!/ɹ̩/
|yṛ
|-
!/ʒ/
|zh, ž
!/ŋ̩/
|ṇg
!/ʝ/
|j
!/ɴ̩/
|ṇg
!/ʐ/
|zr, ž
!
!
|
![[w:Bilabial_consonant|Bilabial]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:retroflex_consonant|Retroflex]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:Guttural_consonant|Guttural]]
|-
|-
!/ɲ/
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|ñ
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|m̩]] '''ṃ'''
!/ʀ̩/
|ṛr
!/ɲ/
|ñ
!/ʀ̩/
|ṛr
!/c/
|c
!
|
|-
!/ʎ̝̊/
|lh, ç
!
|
!/ɬ/
|lh, ç
!
|
!/ʛ/
|gg
!
|
|-
!/j/
|y
!
|
!/j/
|y
!
|
!/j/
|y
!
|
|
|-
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|n̩]] '''ṇ'''
!/j̃/
|yǹ
!
|
!/ɲʷ/
|nẙ
!
|
|
!/ʂʼ/
|sz, ŝ
!
|
|
|-
|-
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
![[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
|cñ
!
|
|
!/ŋ͡ǂ/
|kñ
!
|
|
!/m͡ʞ/
|mk
!
|
|
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɟ̩]] '''ḍy'''
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɢ̩]] '''ġr'''
|-
|-
!/k͡ǂ/
![[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|cy
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|β̩]] '''ṿ'''
!
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|z̩]] '''ẓ'''
|
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ʐ̩]] '''ẓr'''
!/k͡ǂ/
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|ʝ̍]] '''ẏh'''
|ky
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɣ̍]] '''ġh'''
!
|
!/m̥͡ʞ/
|pk
!
|
|-
|-
!/ŋ/
![[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|ng
!
|
!/ɴ/
|ng
!
|
!/ɟ/
|dj
!
|
|
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɹ̩]] '''ṛh'''
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɭ̍]] '''ḷ'''
|[[w:Syllabic_consonant|j̍]] '''ẏ'''
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɰ̍]] '''ẉ'''
|-
|-
!/k/
![[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|k
!
|
|
!/q/
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|r̩]] '''ṛr'''
|q
|[[w:syllabic_consonant|ɽ̍]] '''ḍr'''
!
|
|
!/kʼ/
|k
!
|
|
|}
All vowels can be long except for /ɯ̰̤̃́ːː/.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Central_vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!/ɡ/
!Unrounded
|g
![[w:Rounded_vowel|Rounded]]
!
|
!/k͡ʇʰ/
|ct
!
|
!/ɢ/
|gr
!
|
|-
|-
!/x/
![[w:nasal_vowel|Nasal]]
|x
!
|
|
!/x/
|x
!
|
|
!/ʃ/
|[[w:nasal_vowel|ɯ̰̤̃́ːː]] '''î'''
|sh, ś
!
|
|
|-
|-
!/ʀ/
![[w:High_vowel|High]]
|rr
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''i'''
!
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''ê'''
|
|[[w:close_back_unrounded_vowel|ɯ]] '''û'''
!/ʀ/
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''u'''
|g
!
|
!/ɹ/
|yr, ŕ
!
|
|-
|-
!/ʔ/
![[w:mid_vowel|Mid]]
|q
|[[w:open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|ɛ]] '''e'''
!
|[[w:open-mid_front_rounded_vowel|œ]] '''ô'''
|
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''â'''
!/k͡ǁ/
|[[w:open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|ɔ]] '''o'''
|kl
!
|
!/ʭ/
|x
!
|
|-
|-
!/h/
![[w:Low_vowel|Low]]
|h
!
|
|
!/h/
|h
!
|
|
!/ʔ/
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''a'''
|h
!
|
|
|}
|}
== Morphology ==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Iskel"