Kliqel orthography: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "<code>THIS PAGE IS INCOMPLETE AND INACCURATE PLEASE DISREGARD</code> '''Kliqel''' is a dialect of Iskel which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. == Romanization == === Basic Phonemes === Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however. {| class="wikitable" ! co..."
 
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<code>THIS PAGE IS INCOMPLETE AND INACCURATE PLEASE DISREGARD</code>
'''Kliqel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. Its orthography is quite similar to [[Lanikel orthography|Lanikel's orthography]], another dialect of Iskel, but has crucial differences.
 
'''Kliqel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.


== Romanization ==
== Romanization ==


=== Basic Phonemes ===
=== Consonants ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive Consonant
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
!Phoneme
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
!m
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
!n
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
!ɲ
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
!ɴ
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
!mʷ
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
!nʷ
!ɲʷ
!p
!t
!q
!b
!t͡s
!d͡z
!ŋ͡ʇ
!ŋ͡ǃ¡
!ŋ͡ǂ
!k͡ʇʰ
!k͡ʇ
!k͡ǃ¡
!k͡ǁ
!k͡ǂ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
|''m''
|
|''n''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|''ny''
|
|''ng''
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|''mů''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|''nů''
|
|''nẙ''
|''p''
|''t''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ts''
|''dz''
|''cn''
|''kn''
|''kñ''
|''cs''
|''ct''
|''kr''
|''kl''
|''ky''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
|''m''
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|''n''
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|''ñ''
|
|''ŋ''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|''mů''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|''nů''
|
|''nẙ''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|''p''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|''t''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ĉ''
|''ẑ''
|''cn''
|''kn''
|''kñ''
|''cs''
|''ct''
|''kr''
|''kl''
|''ky''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
! rowspan="3" |Continuant Consonant
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
!Phoneme
|
!ɸ
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
!θ
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
!s
|
!ɬ
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
!ç
|
!χ
!h
!β
!ð
!z
!ʝ
!w
!ɾ
!l
!j
!r
!ʀ
! colspan="4" rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|''f''
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|''th''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|''s''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|''lh''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|''ch''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
|''x''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|''h''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|''v''
|-
|''d''
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|''z''
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|''j''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|''w''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|''r''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|''l''
|
|''y''
|
|''rr''
|
|''g''
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wǹ, ṽ'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lǹ, ł'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yǹ,''' '''ỹ'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''cǹ'''
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ'''
|
|
|-
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|''f''
|
|''þ''
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''ct'''
|''s''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl'''
|''ł''
|
|''ç''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy'''
|''x''
|
|''h''
|
|''v''
|''d''
|''z''
|''j''
|''w''
|''r''
|''l''
|''y''
|''ř''
|''g''
|}
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
 
=== Vowels ===
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Vowel
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
!Phoneme
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
!i
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
!ɯ
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
!u
!e
!ɤ
!o
!ɛ
!ɔ
!a
!ɑ
|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
!Grapheme
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|''i''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|''î''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|''u''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|''e''
|-
|''û''
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|''o''
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|''ê''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|''ô''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|''a''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|''â''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|}
|}


=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ɴ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonants /ʝ̍ j̍/ are instead written ⟨ẏh ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Syllabic Consonant
!Labial
!Phoneme
!Dental
!m̩
!Alveolar
!n̩
!Palatal
!ɲ̩
!Dorsal
!ɴ̩
!m̩ʷ
!n̩ʷ
!ɲ̩ʷ
!β̩
!ð̩
!z̩
!ʝ̍
!w̩
!l̩
!j̍
!ɾ̩
!ʀ̩
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Grapheme
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|''ṃ''
|
|''ṇ''
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|''ṇy''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|''ṇg''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|''ṃů''
|-
|''ṇů''
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|''ṇẙ''
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|''ṿ''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|''ḍ''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|''ẓ''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|''ẏh''
|
|''ẉ''
|-
|''ḷ''
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|''ẏ''
!Oral
|''ṛ''
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|''ṛr''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ẉǹ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ḷǹ'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏǹ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
|}


=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɯ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).


Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɯ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).


Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
Line 194: Line 213:
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Vowel
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
!Phoneme
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
!i˥
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
!ɯ˥
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
!u˥
!e˥
!ɤ˥
!o˥
!ɛ˥
!ɔ˥
!a˥
!ɑ˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''í''
|''ì''
|''ú''
|''é''
|''ù''
|''ó''
|''è''
|''ò''
|''á''
|''à''
|-
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Vowel
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Phoneme
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!i˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!ɯ˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!u˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!e˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!ɤ˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!o˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!ɛ˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!ɔ˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!a˧
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!ɑ˧
|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
!Grapheme
|í '''í'''
|''ĭ''
|ī '''ì'''
|''ĩ''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|''ŭ''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|''ĕ''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|''ũ''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|''ŏ''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|''ẽ''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|''õ''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|''ă''
|ú '''ú'''
|''ã''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Vowel
|é '''é'''
!Phoneme
|ē '''è'''
!i˩
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
!ɯ˩
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
!u˩
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
!e˩
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
!ɤ˩
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
!o˩
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
!ɛ˩
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
!ɔ˩
|ó '''ó'''
!a˩
|ō '''ò'''
!ɑ˩
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
!Grapheme
|á '''á'''
|''<nowiki/>'i''
|ā '''à'''
|''<nowiki/>'î''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|''<nowiki/>'u''
|
|''<nowiki/>'e''
|
|''<nowiki/>'û''
|
|''<nowiki/>'o''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ê''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ô''
|
|''<nowiki/>'a''
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|''<nowiki/>'â''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone syllabic consonants /ḿ̩ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ɴ̩́ ḿ̩ʷ ń̩ʷ ɲ̩́ʷ ź̩ ʝ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /β̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.


Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /β̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Syllabic Consonant
! colspan="3" |Labial
!Phoneme
! colspan="3" |Dental
!m̩˥
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
!n̩˥
! colspan="3" |Palatal
!ɲ̩˥
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
!ɴ̩˥
!m̩ʷ˥
!n̩ʷ˥
!ɲ̩ʷ˥
!β̩˥
!ð̩˥
!z̩˥
!ʝ̍˥
!w̩˥
!l̩˥
!j̍˥
!ɾ̩˥
!ʀ̩˥
|-
|-
!High
!Grapheme
!Mid
|''ḿ''
!Low
|''ń''
!High
|''ńy''
!Mid
|''ńg''
!Low
|''ḿů''
!High
|''ńů''
!Mid
|''ńẙ''
!Low
|''ŵ''
!High
|''ð''
!Mid
|''ź''
!Low
|''ýh''
!High
|''ẃ''
!Mid
|''ĺ''
!Low
|''ý''
|''ŕ''
|''ŕr''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
!Phoneme
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
!m̩˧
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
!n̩˧
|
!ɲ̩˧
|
!ɴ̩˧
|
!m̩ʷ˧
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
!n̩ʷ˧
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
!ɲ̩ʷ˧
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
!β̩˧
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
!ð̩˧
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
!z̩˧
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
!ʝ̍˧
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
!w̩˧
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
!l̩˧
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
!j̍˧
!ɾ̩˧
!ʀ̩˧
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
!Grapheme
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|''ṁ''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|''ṅ''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|''ṅy''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|''ṅg''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|''ṁů''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|''ṅů''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|''ṅẙ''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|''ẅ''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|''ḋ''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|''ż''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|''ÿh''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|''ẇ''
|
|''ŀ''
|
|''ÿ''
|
|''ṙ''
|''ṙr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Oral
!Phoneme
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
!m̩˩
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
!n̩˩
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
!ɲ̩˩
|
!ɴ̩˩
|
!m̩ʷ˩
|
!n̩ʷ˩
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
!ɲ̩ʷ˩
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
!β̩˩
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
!ð̩˩
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
!z̩˩
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
!ʝ̍˩
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
!w̩˩
|
!l̩˩
|
!j̍˩
|
!ɾ̩˩
!ʀ̩˩
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Grapheme
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṃ''
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṃů''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṇů''
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇẙ''
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿ''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍ''
|j̩̃˥ '''ýǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ''
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏh''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏǹ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ḷ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr''
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}


=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.


Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
! colspan="24" |Geminate Romanization
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!mː
!nː
!nː
!ɲː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!ɴː
!mʷː
!nʷː
!ɲʷː
!pː
!pː
!tː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!qː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!bː
!t͡sː
!d͡zː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇʰː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǁː
!k͡ǂː
!k͡ǂː
|-
|-
Line 406: Line 443:
|''nny''
|''nny''
|''nng''
|''nng''
|''mmů''
|''nnů''
|''nnẙ''
|''pp''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''tt''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''bb''
|''tts''
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''ccn''
|''ccn''
|''ccǹ''
|''kkn''
|''ccñ''
|''kkñ''
|''ccs''
|''cct''
|''cct''
|''ccl''
|''kkr''
|''ccy''
|''kkl''
|''kky''
|-
|-
|''mm''
|''mm''
Line 426: Line 465:
|''ññ''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''mmů''
|''nnů''
|''nnẙ''
|''pp''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''bb''
|''ĉĉ''
|''ẑẑ''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''ccn''
|''ccn''
|''ccǹ''
|''kkn''
|''ccñ''
|''kkñ''
|''ccs''
|''cct''
|''cct''
|''ccl''
|''kkr''
|''ccy''
|''kkl''
|''kky''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!fː
!ɸː
!θː
!θː
!sː
!sː
!ʃː
!ɬː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!çː
!xː
!χː
!hː
!hː
!vː
!βː
!ðː
!ðː
!zː
!zː
!ʒː
!ʝː
!wː
!wː
!lː
!lː
!jː
!jː
!w̃ː
!rː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
!ʀː
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''tth''
|''ss''
|''ss''
|''ssh''
|''llh''
|''llh''
|''cch''
|''xx''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''hh''
Line 475: Line 514:
|''dd''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zz''
|''zzh''
|''jj''
|''ww''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''wwǹ''
|''llǹ''
|''yyǹ''
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|''gg''
|-
|-
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''s''
|''šš''
|''łł''
|''çç''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''xx''
Line 494: Line 531:
|''dd''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''jj''
|''ww''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|''řř''
|''gg''
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!m̩ː
!n̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!ɴ̩ː
!v̩ː
!m̩ʷː
!n̩ʷː
!ɲ̩ʷː
!β̩ː
!ð̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!ʝ̍ː
!w̩ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
! colspan="6" rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
!Grapheme
Line 528: Line 563:
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṃṃů''
|''ṇṇů''
|''ṇṇẙ''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẏẏh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉǹ''
|''ḷḷǹ''
|''ẏẏǹ''
|''ṛṛ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!m̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!ɴ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!m̩ʷː˥
!n̩ʷː˥
!ɲ̩ʷː˥
!β̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!ʝ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
|-
Line 563: Line 598:
|''ńńy''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ńńg''
|''ḿḿů''
|''ńńů''
|''ńńẙ''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ýh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃǹ''
|''ĺĺǹ''
|''ýýǹ''
|''ŕŕ''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!m̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!ɴ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!m̩ʷː˧
!n̩ʷː˧
!ɲ̩ʷː˧
!β̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!ʝ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
|-
Line 598: Line 633:
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ṁṁů''
|''ṅṅů''
|''ṅṅẙ''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ÿh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇǹ''
|''ŀŀǹ''
|''ÿÿǹ''
|''ṙṙ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!m̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!ɴ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!m̩ʷː˩
!n̩ʷː˩
!ɲ̩ʷː˩
!β̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!ʝ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
|-
Line 633: Line 668:
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃů''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇů''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇẙ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
!ɪː
!ɯː
!ʊː
!uː
!uː
!eː
!eː
!əː
!ɤː
!ʌː
!oː
!oː
!ɛː
!ɔː
!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
! colspan="11" rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''ii''
|''īe''
|''îî''
|''ūo''
|''uu''
|''ū''
|''ee''
|''ē''
|''ûû''
|''ēo''
|''oo''
|''ōe''
|''êê''
|''ō''
|''ôô''
|''ā''
|''aa''
|''āo''
|''ââ''
|-
|-
|''ī''
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ɯː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ɤː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!oː˥
!ɛː˥
!ɔː˥
!aː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''íí''
|''îe''
|''ìì''
|''ûo''
|''úú''
|''û''
|''éé''
|''ê''
|''ùù''
|''êo''
|''óó''
|''ôe''
|''èè''
|''ô''
|''òò''
|''â''
|''áá''
|''âo''
|''àà''
|-
|-
|''î''
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ɯː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ɤː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!oː˧
!ɛː˧
!ɔː˧
!aː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ĭĭ''
|''ǐe''
|''ĩĩ''
|''ǔo''
|''ŭŭ''
|''ǔ''
|''ĕĕ''
|''ě''
|''ũũ''
|''ěo''
|''ŏŏ''
|''ǒe''
|''ẽẽ''
|''ǒ''
|''õõ''
|''ǎ''
|''ăă''
|''ǎo''
|''ãã''
|-
|-
|''ǐ''
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ɯː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ɤː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!oː˩
!ɛː˩
!ɔː˩
!aː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'ii''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'îî''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'uu''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ee''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ûû''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'oo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'êê''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ôô''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'aa''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|''<nowiki/>'ââ''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
|}


Line 795: Line 786:
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.
 
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
 
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants (All)
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants (All)
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels (Examples)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
Line 844: Line 831:
|''ṇy''
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="2" |ie
|''ie''
|ie
|/ɪ/
|/i͡e/
! rowspan="2" |īe
! rowspan="4" |iea
|''īe''
|iea
|/ɪː/
|/i͡e͡a/
|-
|-
|''d'z''
|''d'z''
Line 857: Line 844:
|''ṇ'y''
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|iē
|/ie̯/
|/i.e/
|''īë''
|iēa
|/iː.e/
|/i.e͡a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
Line 868: Line 855:
|''ńy''
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/i.e/
|ieā
| colspan="3" |
|/i͡e.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/ɬ/
! rowspan="3" |llh
! rowspan="3" |llh
|''llh''
|''llh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/ʎː/
|''ń'y''
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
|iēā
|''uo''
|/i.e.a/
|/ʊ/
! rowspan="2" |ūo
|''ūo''
|/ʊː/
|-
|-
|''l'h''
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|/lh/
|''l'lh''
|''l'lh''
|/lʎ̝̊/
|/lɬ/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
! rowspan="2" |ui
|/uo̯/
|ui
|''ūö''
|/u͡i/
|/uː.o/
! rowspan="4" |uio
|uio
|/u͡i͡o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
Line 904: Line 889:
|''ṅ'y''
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|uī
|/u.o/
|/u.i/
| colspan="3" |
|uīo
|/u.i͡o/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
|/ɴ/
! rowspan="3" |nng
! rowspan="3" |nng
|''nng''
|''nng''
|/ŋː/
|/ɴː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|/ɲ̩˩/
|/ɲ̩˩/
! rowspan="3" |eo
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|''eo''
|uiō
|/ə/
|/u͡i.o/
! rowspan="2" |ēo
|''ēo''
|/əː/
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|/nʀ/
|''n'ng''
|''n'ng''
|/nŋ/
|/nɴ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y''
|/n̩˩j/
|/n̩˩j/
|''eȯ''
|uīō
|/eo̯/
|/u.i.o/
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''nn'g''
|''nn'g''
|/nːɡ/
|/nːʀ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|/ɴ̩/
|''eö''
! rowspan="2" |oa
|/e.o/
|oa
| colspan="3" |
|/o͡a/
! rowspan="4" |oae
|oae
|/o͡a͡e/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ny
! rowspan="2" |ny
Line 952: Line 936:
|/ɲː/
|/ɲː/
|''ṇ'g''
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ʀ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
|oā
|''oe''
|/o.a/
|/ʌ/
|oāe
! rowspan="2" |ōe
|/o.a͡e/
|''ōe''
|/ʌː/
|-
|-
|''n'y''
|''n'y''
Line 966: Line 948:
! rowspan="2" |ńg
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|/ɴ̩˥/
|''oė''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/oe̯/
|oaē
|''ōë''
|/o͡a.e/
|/oː.e/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
Line 976: Line 957:
|/nːj/
|/nːj/
|''ń'g''
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|/n̩˥ʀ/
|''oë''
|oāē
|/o.e/
|/o.a.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|/rː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
|/ɴ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="2" |iê
|''ao''
|iê
|/ɑ/
|/i͡ɛ/
! rowspan="2" |āo
! rowspan="4" |iêa
|''āo''
|iêa
|/ɑː/
|/i͡ɛ͡a/
|-
|-
|''rr'r''
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|/rɾ/
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ʀ/
|''aȯ''
|ië
|/ao̯/
|/i.ɛ/
|''āö''
|iëa
|/aː.o/
|/i.ɛ͡a/
|-
|-
|''r'rr''
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|/ɾr/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|/ŋ̩˩/
|/ɴ̩˩/
|''aö''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/a.o/
|iêā
| colspan="3" |
|/i͡ɛ.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |ssh
|''ssh''
|/ʃː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="17" |
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''s'sh''
|/sʃ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''ss'h''
|/sːh/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
! rowspan="2" |th
Line 1,049: Line 998:
|''tth''
|''tth''
|/θː/
|/θː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g''
|''źh''
|/n̩ʀ/
|/ʒ̍˥/
|iëā
|''iëo''
|/i.ɛ.a/
|/i.ə/
|-
|-
|''t'h''
|''t'h''
Line 1,059: Line 1,007:
|''t'th''
|''t'th''
|/tθ/
|/tθ/
|''ź'h''
! rowspan="2" |ẏh
|/z̩˥h/
|''ẓh''
|''ieö''
|/ʝ̍/
|/ɪ.o/
! rowspan="2" |ûi
|ûi
|/ɤ͡i/
! rowspan="4" |ûiô
|ûiô
|/ɤ͡i͡ɔ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''tt'h''
|''tt'h''
|/tːh/
|/tːh/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''ẓ'h''
|''żh''
|/j̍h/
|/ʒ̍˧/
|ûī
|''iëö''
|/ɤ.i/
|/i.e.o/
|ûīô
|/ɤ.i͡ɔ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
! rowspan="2" |ts
|''zh''
|''ts''
|/ʒ/
|/t͡s/
! rowspan="3" |zzh
! rowspan="3" |tts
|''zzh''
|''tts''
|/ʒː/
|/t͡sː/
|''ż'h''
! rowspan="2" |ýh
|/z̩˧h/
|''ýh''
|''iëȯ''
|/ʝ̍˥/
|/i.eo̯/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|ûiö
|/ɤ͡i.ɔ/
|-
|-
|''z'h''
|''t's''
|/zh/
|/ts/
|''z'zh''
|''t'ts''
|/zʒ/
|/tt͡s/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh
|''ý'h''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh''
|/j̍˥h/
|/ʒ̍˩/
|ûīö
|''iėö''
|/ɤ.i.ɔ/
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''zz'h''
|''tt's''
|/zːh/
|/tːs/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h''
! rowspan="2" |ÿh
|/z̩˩h/
|''ÿh''
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|/ʝ̍˧/
|''oua''
! rowspan="2" |ôâ
|/ou̯a̯/
|ôâ
|-
|/ɔ͡ɑ/
! colspan="6" rowspan="8" |
! rowspan="4" |ôâê
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|ôâê
|''ṛr''
|/ɔ͡ɑ͡ɛ/
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''ṛ'r''
! colspan="6" rowspan="3" |
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ÿ'h''
|''ouä''
|/j̍˧h/
|/ou̯.a/
|ôä
|/ɔ.ɑ/
|ôäê
|/ɔ.ɑ͡ɛ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
! rowspan="2" |'ẏh
|''ŕr''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏh''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|/ʝ̍˩/
|''oüä''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/o.u.a/
|ôâë
|-
|/ɔ͡ɑ.ɛ/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="5" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr''
|/ʀ̩˩/
|-
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ'h''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|/j̍˩h/
|ôäë
|/ɔ.ɑ.ɛ/
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 17:30, 13 April 2026

Kliqel is a dialect of Iskel which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. Its orthography is quite similar to Lanikel's orthography, another dialect of Iskel, but has crucial differences.

Romanization

Consonants

Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.

Occlusive Consonant Phoneme m n ɲ ɴ mʷ nʷ ɲʷ p t q b t͡s d͡z ŋ͡ʇ ŋ͡ǃ¡ ŋ͡ǂ k͡ʇʰ k͡ʇ k͡ǃ¡ k͡ǁ k͡ǂ
Grapheme m n ny ng mů nů nẙ p t q b ts dz cn kn kñ cs ct kr kl ky
m n ñ ŋ mů nů nẙ p t q b ĉ ẑ cn kn kñ cs ct kr kl ky
Continuant Consonant Phoneme ɸ θ s ɬ ç χ h β ð z ʝ w ɾ l j r ʀ
Grapheme f th s lh ch x h v d z j w r l y rr g
f þ s ł ç x h v d z j w r l y ř g

Vowels

Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.

Toneless Vowel Phoneme i ɯ u e ɤ o ɛ ɔ a ɑ
Grapheme i î u e û o ê ô a â

Syllabic Consonants

Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ɴ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonants /ʝ̍ j̍/ are instead written ⟨ẏh ẏ⟩.

Toneless Syllabic Consonant Phoneme m̩ n̩ ɲ̩ ɴ̩ m̩ʷ n̩ʷ ɲ̩ʷ β̩ ð̩ z̩ ʝ̍ w̩ l̩ j̍ ɾ̩ ʀ̩
Grapheme ṃ ṇ ṇy ṇg ṃů ṇů ṇẙ ṿ ḍ ẓ ẏh ẉ ḷ ẏ ṛ ṛr

Tones

High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɯ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).

Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɯ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.

High Tone Vowel Phoneme i˥ ɯ˥ u˥ e˥ ɤ˥ o˥ ɛ˥ ɔ˥ a˥ ɑ˥
Grapheme í ì ú é ù ó è ò á à
Mid Tone Vowel Phoneme i˧ ɯ˧ u˧ e˧ ɤ˧ o˧ ɛ˧ ɔ˧ a˧ ɑ˧
Grapheme ĭ ĩ ŭ ĕ ũ ŏ ẽ õ ă ã
Low Tone Vowel Phoneme i˩ ɯ˩ u˩ e˩ ɤ˩ o˩ ɛ˩ ɔ˩ a˩ ɑ˩
Grapheme 'i 'î 'u 'e 'û 'o 'ê 'ô 'a 'â

High tone syllabic consonants /ḿ̩ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ɴ̩́ ḿ̩ʷ ń̩ʷ ɲ̩́ʷ ź̩ ʝ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /β̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /β̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.

High Tone Syllabic Consonant Phoneme m̩˥ n̩˥ ɲ̩˥ ɴ̩˥ m̩ʷ˥ n̩ʷ˥ ɲ̩ʷ˥ β̩˥ ð̩˥ z̩˥ ʝ̍˥ w̩˥ l̩˥ j̍˥ ɾ̩˥ ʀ̩˥
Grapheme ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ŵ ð ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr
Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant Phoneme m̩˧ n̩˧ ɲ̩˧ ɴ̩˧ m̩ʷ˧ n̩ʷ˧ ɲ̩ʷ˧ β̩˧ ð̩˧ z̩˧ ʝ̍˧ w̩˧ l̩˧ j̍˧ ɾ̩˧ ʀ̩˧
Grapheme ṁ ṅ ṅy ṅg ṁů ṅů ṅẙ ẅ ḋ ż ÿh ẇ ŀ ÿ ṙ ṙr
Low Tone Syllabic Consonant Phoneme m̩˩ n̩˩ ɲ̩˩ ɴ̩˩ m̩ʷ˩ n̩ʷ˩ ɲ̩ʷ˩ β̩˩ ð̩˩ z̩˩ ʝ̍˩ w̩˩ l̩˩ j̍˩ ɾ̩˩ ʀ̩˩
Grapheme 'ṃ 'ṇ 'ṇy 'ṇg 'ṃů 'ṇů 'ṇẙ 'ṿ 'ḍ 'ẓ 'ẏh 'ẉ 'ḷ 'ẏ 'ṛ 'ṛr

Gemination

Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.

Geminate Romanization
Consonant Occlusive Phoneme mː nː ɲː ɴː mʷː nʷː ɲʷː pː tː qː bː t͡sː d͡zː ŋ͡ʇː ŋ͡ǃ¡ː ŋ͡ǂː k͡ʇʰː k͡ʇː k͡ǃ¡ː k͡ǁː k͡ǂː
Grapheme mm nn nny nng mmů nnů nnẙ pp tt qq bb tts ddz ccn kkn kkñ ccs cct kkr kkl kky
mm nn ññ ŋŋ mmů nnů nnẙ pp tt qq bb ĉĉ ẑẑ ccn kkn kkñ ccs cct kkr kkl kky
Continuant Phoneme ɸː θː sː ɬː çː χː hː βː ðː zː ʝː wː lː jː rː ʀː
Grapheme ff tth ss llh cch xx hh vv dd zz jj ww ll yy rrr gg
ff þþ s łł çç xx hh vv dd zz jj ww ll yy řř gg
Syllabic Consonant Toneless Phoneme m̩ː n̩ː ɲ̩ː ɴ̩ː m̩ʷː n̩ʷː ɲ̩ʷː β̩ː ð̩ː z̩ː ʝ̍ː w̩ː l̩ː j̍ː ʀ̩ː
Grapheme ṃṃ ṇṇ ṇṇy ṇṇg ṃṃů ṇṇů ṇṇẙ ṿṿ ḍḍ ẓẓ ẏẏh ẉẉ ḷḷ ẏẏ ṛṛ
High Tone Phoneme m̩ː˥ n̩ː˥ ɲ̩ː˥ ɴ̩ː˥ m̩ʷː˥ n̩ʷː˥ ɲ̩ʷː˥ β̩ː˥ ð̩ː˥ z̩ː˥ ʝ̍ː˥ w̩ː˥ l̩ː˥ j̍ː˥ ʀ̩ː˥
Grapheme ḿḿ ńń ńńy ńńg ḿḿů ńńů ńńẙ ŵŵ ðð źź ýh ẃẃ ĺĺ ýý ŕŕ
Mid Tone Phoneme m̩ː˧ n̩ː˧ ɲ̩ː˧ ɴ̩ː˧ m̩ʷː˧ n̩ʷː˧ ɲ̩ʷː˧ β̩ː˧ ð̩ː˧ z̩ː˧ ʝ̍ː˧ w̩ː˧ l̩ː˧ j̍ː˧ ʀ̩ː˧
Grapheme ṁṁ ṅṅ ṅṅy ṅṅg ṁṁů ṅṅů ṅṅẙ ẅẅ ḋḋ żż ÿh ẇẇ ŀŀ ÿÿ ṙṙ
Low Tone Phoneme m̩ː˩ n̩ː˩ ɲ̩ː˩ ɴ̩ː˩ m̩ʷː˩ n̩ʷː˩ ɲ̩ʷː˩ β̩ː˩ ð̩ː˩ z̩ː˩ ʝ̍ː˩ w̩ː˩ l̩ː˩ j̍ː˩ ʀ̩ː˩
Grapheme 'ṃṃ 'ṇṇ 'ṇṇy 'ṇṇg 'ṃṃů 'ṇṇů 'ṇṇẙ 'ṿṿ 'ḍḍ 'ẓẓ 'ẏh 'ẉẉ 'ḷḷ 'ẏẏ 'ṛṛ
Vowel Toneless Phoneme iː ɯː uː eː ɤː oː ɛː ɔː aː ɑː
Grapheme ii îî uu ee ûû oo êê ôô aa ââ
High Tone Phoneme iː˥ ɯː˥ uː˥ eː˥ ɤː˥ oː˥ ɛː˥ ɔː˥ aː˥ ɑː˥
Grapheme íí ìì úú éé ùù óó èè òò áá àà
Mid Tone Phoneme iː˧ ɯː˧ uː˧ eː˧ ɤː˧ oː˧ ɛː˧ ɔː˧ aː˧ ɑː˧
Grapheme ĭĭ ĩĩ ŭŭ ĕĕ ũũ ŏŏ ẽẽ õõ ăă ãã
Low Tone Phoneme iː˩ ɯː˩ uː˩ eː˩ ɤː˩ oː˩ ɛː˩ ɔː˩ aː˩ ɑː˩
Grapheme 'ii 'îî 'uu 'ee 'ûû 'oo 'êê 'ôô 'aa 'ââ

Disambiguation

Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.

Multigraph Disambiguation
Consonants (All) Syllabic Consonants (All) Vowels (Examples)
Digraph Trigraph Digraph Short Vowel Multigraph Long Vowel Multigraph
Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes
Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction
dz dz /d͡z/ ddz ddz /d͡zː/ ṇy ṇy /ɲ̩/ ie ie /i͡e/ iea iea /i͡e͡a/
d'z /ðz/ d'dz /ðd͡z/ ṇ'y /n̩j/ iē /i.e/ iēa /i.e͡a/
dd'z /ðːz/ ńy ńy /ɲ̩˥/ ieā /i͡e.a/
lh lh /ɬ/ llh llh /ʎː/ ń'y /n̩˥j/ iēā /i.e.a/
l'h /lh/ l'lh /lɬ/ ṅy ṅy /ɲ̩˧/ ui ui /u͡i/ uio uio /u͡i͡o/
ll'h /lːh/ ṅ'y /n̩˧j/ uī /u.i/ uīo /u.i͡o/
ng ng /ɴ/ nng nng /ɴː/ 'ṇy 'ṇy /ɲ̩˩/ uiō /u͡i.o/
n'g /nʀ/ n'ng /nɴ/ 'ṇ'y /n̩˩j/ uīō /u.i.o/
nn'g /nːʀ/ ṇg ṇg /ɴ̩/ oa oa /o͡a/ oae oae /o͡a͡e/
ny ny /ɲ/ nny nny /ɲː/ ṇ'g /n̩ʀ/ oā /o.a/ oāe /o.a͡e/
n'y /nj/ n'ny /nɲ/ ńg ńg /ɴ̩˥/ oaē /o͡a.e/
nn'y /nːj/ ń'g /n̩˥ʀ/ oāē /o.a.e/
rrr rrr /rː/ ṅg ṅg /ɴ̩˧/ iê iê /i͡ɛ/ iêa iêa /i͡ɛ͡a/
rr'r /rɾ/ ṅ'g /n̩˧ʀ/ ië /i.ɛ/ iëa /i.ɛ͡a/
r'rr /ɾr/ 'ṇg 'ṇg /ɴ̩˩/ iêā /i͡ɛ.a/
th th /θ/ tth tth /θː/ 'ṇ'g /n̩ʀ/ iëā /i.ɛ.a/
t'h /th/ t'th /tθ/ ẏh ẓh /ʝ̍/ ûi ûi /ɤ͡i/ ûiô ûiô /ɤ͡i͡ɔ/
tt'h /tːh/ ẓ'h /j̍h/ ûī /ɤ.i/ ûīô /ɤ.i͡ɔ/
ts ts /t͡s/ tts tts /t͡sː/ ýh ýh /ʝ̍˥/ ûiö /ɤ͡i.ɔ/
t's /ts/ t'ts /tt͡s/ ý'h /j̍˥h/ ûīö /ɤ.i.ɔ/
tt's /tːs/ ÿh ÿh /ʝ̍˧/ ôâ ôâ /ɔ͡ɑ/ ôâê ôâê /ɔ͡ɑ͡ɛ/
ÿ'h /j̍˧h/ ôä /ɔ.ɑ/ ôäê /ɔ.ɑ͡ɛ/
'ẏh 'ẏh /ʝ̍˩/ ôâë /ɔ͡ɑ.ɛ/
'ẏ'h /j̍˩h/ ôäë /ɔ.ɑ.ɛ/
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