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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
| | {{Construction}} |
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| | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| | Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue<br> |
| | *lack of gutturals vs lack of labials ex. bel vs gog |
| | *synthesis vs anathesis |
| | *sounds don't repeat in the syllable ex. Bel |
| | *diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden |
| | *only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda |
| | *constraints... |
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| | Dark tongues may access /ɥ/ |
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| ==Phonology==
| | ple pel lep elp |
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| 4 vowels and 8 consonants.
| | tra tar rat art |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
| | āmps ambi abe bel ela ilba psā (amba alba) |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| |-
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | s z d
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| | f b
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| |}
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| | ānts andi ade dar era irda tsā (anta arda) |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
| | belep, bellat |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| ! Short
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| | i ɛ
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| | a
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws===
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| | K [associated with choking |
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
| | P [associated with kissing |
| *Lenition: if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf'' and ''elbë'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */t/ can only happen before /a/ and/or /ə/.
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| Because final consonants are easily lost in Typology, /r/ /l/ /m/ and /n/ always mutate
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| | In Veno's Dark Tongue |
| | ''gog yoguguluk'' "X speaks" |
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| | ''yo-'' "X" + ''-gu-'' [X] + ''-g-'' [X] +''-ul-'' [X] + ''-uk'' [X] |
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| anë
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| | sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara |
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| [the dorsal column was deleted and the distinction of voice lost] ...plus, m and n are added and f and s lost
| | ''ídrā naiaris'' "I was bitten by a serpent", ''siverae aebidis'' "I was bitten by a mosquito" ... |
| m, l, p, b
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| n, r, t, d
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| alma > almi > ilmi
| | nazil "flower", naevalla "sword" |
| ilmi nae
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| ilmi tae
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| ilmi ae
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| alba "people" [alp, elbë]
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| arda "things" [art, erdë]
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| alma "high faculties" [al, elmë]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [ar, ernë]
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| amba "time" [amp, embë]
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| anda "space" [ant, endë]
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| -
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| endar "land", anderë "lands"
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| embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë...
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| endar
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| tirya
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| arni, ernyë
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| | belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)<br> |
| | bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)<br> |
| | elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)<br> |
| | vs |
| | gog, gog-nagog<br> |
| | gogash, gog-nagogash<br> |
| | gogu, gog-nagogu<br> |
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
| | *Belep vs gog |
| alba enir
| | *Balardemea vs kalaradunga |
| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni
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| *analytic
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| *no articles
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| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| iru > erdi
| | Mixed Breed Dark Tongue: |
| erda alf
| | ''gog yoguguluk dash'' /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/ |
| avâla iku
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| Adamic verb
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| arú > erec
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| ārú > irida
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| nua sit, askút
| | Pure Breed Dark Tongue: |
| ni ereden
| | ''kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh'' /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/ |
| -
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| ísit ārú
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| ni irida ederen
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| sikt > ciren
| | Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium ... |
| hal > cilma
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| | ''rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw'' "city", ''kl̥ rꜣ̥k'' "demon", ''ns̥k kw̥l'' "ghost", ''shw̥k nw̥kwrth'' "goat" |
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| cilm
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| sikt niru
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| nae ciren
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| ciren
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| | Laiberim |
| | Ungrauzuru |
| | Trizandir |
| | Naevalla |
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| nicae
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| ec
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| icae
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| anu/nua > ni
| | If without D-equilibrium: |
| ani/nia > nae
| | *Language rich in consonants and no vowels |
| ana/nā > na
| | *Language rich in vowels and no consonants |
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| ''Elbë irida indili na''
| | *Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals |
| = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
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| | ''wl̥krꜣn'' /w̥l̩krħn̥/, ''kl̥x'' /kl̩ks/, ''wr̥l'' /w̥r̩l/, ''kr̥kt'' /kr̩kt/, ''tn̥c'' /tn̩ts/, ''tn̥k'' /tn̩k/ ''nẙx'' /n̥ĭks/, ''lw̥kwky'' /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, ''sꜣ̥t'' /sʕ̩t/. |
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| Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
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| Tua hícal, rī askút
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| hil > ciren
| | /jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/ |
| -h-c-l- > indili
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| hácal > andal
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| | īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain" |
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| ni irida andal
| | A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat". |
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| erec & irida > -c-
| | A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person". |
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| ni, idae
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| fe, ec
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| ae, cae
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| fe erec > ec
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| ae erec > icae
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| indili (v), andal (p)
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| bcr
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| Ni, nicae
| | Anathesis: In Portuguese, ''ca'' alone means nothing, as does ''sa'', yet ''casa'' means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle ''-orum'' means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature. |
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| Feam, ec
| | degrees of purity |
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| Ae, icae
| | important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them |
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| Ci, ciae
| | ==Phonology== |
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| ciren (n), ederen (v)
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| cilma (n), indili (v)
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| -s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
| | ===Sound Laws=== |
| h/q > n
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| s/z > c
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| k/g > r
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| -
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| t/d > nd
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| h/q>
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| z >
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| g > l
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| d > mb
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| n r c
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| Velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, therefore removed. Palatalization /ku/ for example has the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/ and /b/, whereas /ki/ will lead to /t͡ʃi/ and /ʃi/.
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| Back vowels are totally erased, to contrast with dark tongues, plus to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/ > /b/
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| ===Consonants=== | |
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |