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| {{Construction}} | | {{Construction}} |
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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance. | | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| | Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue<br> |
| | *lack of gutturals vs lack of labials ex. bel vs gog |
| | *synthesis vs anathesis |
| | *sounds don't repeat in the syllable ex. Bel |
| | *diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden |
| | *only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda |
| | *constraints... |
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| | Dark tongues may access /ɥ/ |
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| ==Phonology==
| | ple pel lep elp |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| |-
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | ʃ d
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| | f b
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| |}
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| The
| | tra tar rat art |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
| | āmps ambi abe bel ela ilba psā (amba alba) |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| !
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| | i ɛ
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| | a ae̯
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws===
| | ānts andi ade dar era irda tsā (anta arda) |
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| Accurate Elvish
| | belep, bellat |
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
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| *Lenition/Dissimilation: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''al'' and ''elvi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
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| EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
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| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
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| | K [associated with choking |
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| | P [associated with kissing |
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| alba "people" [alf, elbi]
| | In Veno's Dark Tongue |
| arda "things" [arc, irida]
| | ''gog yoguguluk'' "X speaks" |
| alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
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| amba "time" [amf, embi]
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| anda "space" [anc, inida]
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| -
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| endar "land", arni "lands"
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| embal "celestial body", ambeli...
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| o
| | ''yo-'' "X" + ''-gu-'' [X] + ''-g-'' [X] +''-ul-'' [X] + ''-uk'' [X] |
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
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| alba enir
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| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| | sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara |
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| aia aio
| | ''ídrā naiaris'' "I was bitten by a serpent", ''siverae aebidis'' "I was bitten by a mosquito" ... |
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| nao aocar i
| | nazil "flower", naevalla "sword" |
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| nua valár
| | belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)<br> |
| | bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)<br> |
| | elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)<br> |
| | vs |
| | gog, gog-nagog<br> |
| | gogash, gog-nagogash<br> |
| | gogu, gog-nagogu<br> |
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| ni erec alber
| | *Belep vs gog |
| | *Balardemea vs kalaradunga |
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| fla
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| alf
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| *analytic
| | Mixed Breed Dark Tongue: |
| *one article
| | ''gog yoguguluk dash'' /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/ |
| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| ni arc alber
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| ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
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| ni irida alber
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| iru > eri > ere
| | Pure Breed Dark Tongue: |
| | ''kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh'' /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/ |
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| ni, mi
| | Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium ... |
| ec, fe
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| al, ar
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| iru > eri > ere
| | ''rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw'' "city", ''kl̥ rꜣ̥k'' "demon", ''ns̥k kw̥l'' "ghost", ''shw̥k nw̥kwrth'' "goat" |
| iru > eri > ere > irida
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| /r/ > /rd/
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| e > i
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| r > rVdV
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| anu/nua > ni
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| ani/nia > ne
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| ana/nā > na
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| ''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
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| Ni irida eren, ec cilma
| | Laiberim |
| Tua hícal, rī askút
| | Ungrauzuru |
| | Trizandir |
| | Naevalla |
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| iku [Adamic] > ihu (canon law) > *ehi (enlightment of vowels) > *ei (enlightment of consonants) > ae (enlightment of vowels)
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| | If without D-equilibrium: |
| | *Language rich in consonants and no vowels |
| | *Language rich in vowels and no consonants |
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| /h/ > /∅/
| | *Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals |
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| ihu
| | ''wl̥krꜣn'' /w̥l̩krħn̥/, ''kl̥x'' /kl̩ks/, ''wr̥l'' /w̥r̩l/, ''kr̥kt'' /kr̩kt/, ''tn̥c'' /tn̩ts/, ''tn̥k'' /tn̩k/ ''nẙx'' /n̥ĭks/, ''lw̥kwky'' /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, ''sꜣ̥t'' /sʕ̩t/. |
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| ehi
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| ae
| | /jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/ |
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| e
| | īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain" |
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| | A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat". |
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| | A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person". |
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| ni irida andal
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| ere & irida > -c-
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| | Anathesis: In Portuguese, ''ca'' alone means nothing, as does ''sa'', yet ''casa'' means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle ''-orum'' means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature. |
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| | degrees of purity |
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| | important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them |
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| | ==Phonology== |
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| Canon Sound Laws:
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| Laws of sound change:
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| /g/ > /z/ when next to /i/
| | ===Sound Laws=== |
| Ex: gīg > zīl "giant"
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| /g/ > /Q/ when next to /u/
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| Ex:
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| /k/ > /s/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: saíkat > sesal
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| /k/ > /h/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: kun > hul "dog"
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| /t/ > /ts/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: daítas > ecal
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| /t/ > /l/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: tu > lu
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| /d/ > /ʔ/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: dîts > īl
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| /d/ > /r/ when nex to /u/
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| Ex: dûts > rūl
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| /p/ > /f/ when next to /u/
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| Ex:
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| /p/ > /n/ when next to /i/
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| Ex:
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| /b/ > /v/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: bûl > uvvūl
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| /b/ > /m/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: bîbl > mīl
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| Excrescence:
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| /l/ > /lb/ when intervocalic
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| /r/ > /rd/ when intervocalic
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| /n/ > /nd/ when intervocalic
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| /m/ > /mb/ when intervocalic
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| /h/ > /i̯a/~/i/ when intervocalic
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| /ɦ/ > /ai̯/~/u/ when intervocalic
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| Decrescence:
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| /s/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /i/)
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| /z/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /i/)
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| /ts/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /a/)
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| /ʔ/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /a/)
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| /f/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /u/)
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| /v/ > /∅/ when marginal (except when next to /u/)
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| Laws of elision:
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| Syncope: in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost (except if its sonority value is higher than its antecedant)
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| EX: datasyú > dasyl
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| Apocape: in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost (except if its sonority value is higher than its posterior)
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| EX: apâla > pāl
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| Aphaeresis: in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost (except if it has coda). Also, the last consonant or consonantal cluster (regardless of the number of syllables in a word) is lost.
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| EX: avâla > vāl
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| Laws of epenthesis:
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| Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
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| EX: bûl (*bbûl) > uvvūl
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| Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
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| EX: 'atlya > 'atalya
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| Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
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| EX: palk > palsil
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| Laws of equalization (used in special cases of other laws)
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| Haplology:
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| dadasa > dasa
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| Compensatory lengthening
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| bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
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| gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
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| Metathesis: glides only where the stress is
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| garda, gráda, gadrá
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| Final devoicing
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| dad > dat
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| Intervocalic voicing
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| ata > ada
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| /ai̯/ > /eː/
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| /i̯a/ > /e/
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| /au̯/ > /oː/
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| /u̯a/ > /o/
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| /u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/
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| /i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/
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| /e/ > /i/
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| /o/ > /u/
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| sēqur
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| ===Consonants=== | |
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ni irida eren...
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| From one root, many stems are forged
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| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |