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Mergian: Difference between revisions

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==== Declension ====
==== Declension ====
Mergian retained much of the noun declensions of Gothic.
Mergian retained much of the noun declensions of Gothic. [NOTE: oh my god the sound changes really fuck things up please disregard this entire section for now]


The declensions are organized by the ending they have in their accusative form. Thus, the declensions are
The declensions are organized by the ending they have in their accusative form. Thus, the declensions are
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The second declension ends in a -o sound. It is a remnant of the old Gothic nouns ending in -s. The declension is the exact same, except the nominative ends in a ''-o'' and ''-z-'' infix anywhere else.
The second declension ends in a -o sound. It is a remnant of the old Gothic nouns ending in -s. The declension is the exact same, except the nominative ends in a ''-o'' and ''-z-'' infix anywhere else.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Second -a declension
|+Second -s declension
|-
|-
!
!
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|+Exceptional -s declension
|+Exceptional -s declension
|-
|-
!''hjo'' 'worker' <br/>
!''hjo'' 'worker' <br/>''tzrjo'' 'piece' <br />''snjo'' 'knee'
''tzrjo'' 'piece' <br/>
''snjo'' 'knee'
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!Nominative
!Nominative
| hjo <br/>
| hjo <br />tzrjo<br />snjo
tzrjo <br/>
| þive <br />trive<br />knive
snjo
| þiva <br/>
triva <br/>
kniva
|-
|-
!Accusative
!Accusative
| hjo <br/>
| hjo <br />tzrjo<br />snjo
tzrjo <br/>
| þive <br />trive<br />knive
snjo
| þiva <br/>
triva <br/>
kniva
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
|þive <br/>
|þive <br />trive<br />knive
trive <br/>
|þive <br />trive<br />knive
knive
|þivei <br/>
trivei <br/>
knivei
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
|þiva <br/>
|þive <br />trive<br />knive
triva <br/>
|þive <br />trive<br />knive
kniva
|þivem <br/>
trivem <br/>
knivem
|}
|}


===== -e declension =====
===== -a declension =====
The -e declension contains only words ending in -e.  
The -a declension contains only words ending in -e or -a. All of its nouns are almost all feminine. There are a few exceptions of biologically masculine nouns (father, husband etc.) being in the -a declension.    
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
| -e/-a
| -o
|-
!Accusative
| -e/-a
| -o
|-
!Genitive
| -o
| -o
|-
!Dative
| -E
| -om
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Examples with ''kounne'' 'wife' and ''runga'' 'stick''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
| kounne
runga
| kounno
rungo
|-
!Accusative
| kounne
runga
| kounno
rungo
|-
!Genitive
| kounno
rungo
| kounno
rungo
|-
!Dative
| koune
runge
| kounnom
rungom
|}


==== Derivation ====
= Derivation =


=== Adjectives ===
=== Adjectives ===
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| du-
| du-
| towards (slight positive connotation)
| towards (slight positive connotation)
| ''gien'' "give"
| ''given'' "give"
| ''dugien'' "donate"
| ''dugiven'' "donate"
|-
|-
| in-
| in-
| into, patient of a causative verb
| into, patient of a causative verb
| ''ludzjen'' "shine"
| ''ljustjen'' "shine"
| ''inludzjen'' "illuminate"
| ''inljustjen'' "enlighten"
|-
|-
| miþ- <!--Always governs the dative-->
| miþ- <!--Always governs the dative-->
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| ''buzjen'' "buy (archaic)"
| ''buzjen'' "buy (archaic)"
| ''frauzjen'' "sell"
| ''frauzjen'' "sell"
|-
|vibre-
|against
|''stanen "''stand''"''
|''vibrestanen'' "oppose"
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Aspectual prefixes
! colspan="4" | Aspectual prefixes
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| ''kuðen'' "say"
| ''kuðen'' "say"
| ''frakuðen'' "curse"
| ''frakuðen'' "curse"
|-
! colspan="4" |Grammatical prefixes
|-
!Prefix
!Meaning
!Example with ...
!Example meaning
|-
|an
|
|
|
|-
|at
|
|
|
|-
|us
|
|
|
|-
|uf
|
|
|
|}
|}


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|-  
|-  
| VI
| VI
| e
| a
| ou
| ou
| ''skebha'' 'I shave', ''skouf'' 'I shaved' <!--cons+h is silent-->
| ''skebha'' 'I shave', ''skouf'' 'I shaved' <!--cons+h is silent-->
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==== Conjugation ====
==== Conjugation ====
Verbs are conjugated for three persons (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two tenses (present and past) and three moods (indicative, conjunctive and imperative) and there are five non-finite forms, which are the infinitive, present and past participles, and present and past mediopassives.


The stem of the strong verb changes depending on the tense of the verb. The infinitive and imperative should always take the present stem.
The stem of the strong verb changes depending on the tense of the verb. The infinitive and imperative should always take the present stem.
 
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Strong verb conjugation
|+ Strong verb conjugation
! colspan="6" |Finite forms
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! rowspan="2" | Imperative
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indicative
! colspan="2" |Conjunctive
! rowspan="2" |Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Past !! Present !! Past  
!Present
!Past
!Present
!Past
|-
|-
! 1s
!<small>1S</small>
| -e
| -a
| -
| -
| -au
| -au
| -jau
| -jau
|  
|
|-
|-
! 2s
!<small>2S</small>
| -ea
| rowspan="2" | -s
| -t
| rowspan="2" | -t
| -ai
| rowspan="2" | -ai
| -ji
| rowspan="2" | -i
| -Ø
| -
|-
|-
! 3s
!<small>3S</small>
| -
| -t
| -ai
| -ji
|
|
|-
|-
! 1p
!<small>1P</small>
| -em
| -o
| -em
| -u
| -aime
| -aimme
| -me
| -imme
| -em
| -em
|-
|-
! 2p
!<small>2P</small>
| -ats
| -atz
| -uts
| -utz
| -jits
| -aitte
| -aits
| -itte
| -iþ
| -et
|-
|-
! 3p
!<small>3P</small>
| -en
| -en
| -en
| -aine
| -un
| -ne
| -ainne
| -inne
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Mediopassive
! colspan="6" |Non-finite forms
| colspan="4" | -te
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
! colspan="2" |Participle
| colspan="4" | -ends
! colspan="2" |Mediopassive
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive
| colspan="2" | -ens
| colspan="4" | -en
| colspan="2" | -vve*
| colspan="2" | -en
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>-vve will change under some conditions:


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
* after a cluster, it will be ''-evve''
* after ''v'', it will be ''-''
 
From a evolutionary perspective, some of the conjugations are irregular or might not make sense. This is because I, the author, have decided that to be so.
 
Consider the example with ''usngen'' 'to read'
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation of ''usngen''
! colspan="6" |Finite forms
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Example with <br/> ''bijden'' 'to bite' !! colspan="2" | Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Imperative
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indicative
! colspan="2" |Conjunctive
! rowspan="2" |Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Past !! Present !! Past  
!Present
!Past
!Present
!Past
|-
|-
! 1s
!<small>1S</small>
| ''bijde''
|usnga
| ''beð''
|usseng
| ''bijdau''
|usngau
| ''bijdzjau''
|osngjau
|| 
|
|-
|-
! 2s
!<small>2S</small>
| ''bijdea''
| rowspan="2" |usnges
| ''best''
| rowspan="2" |ussengt
| ''bijdai''
| rowspan="2" |usngi
| ''bijdzji''
| rowspan="2" |osngi
|| ''bið!''
|usseng!
|-
|-
! 3s
!<small>3S</small>
| ''bið''
|
| ''best''
| ''bijdai''
| ''bijdzji''
||
|-
|-
! 1p
!<small>1P</small>
| ''bijdem''
|usngo
| ''bedem''
|osngu
| ''bijdaime''
|usngaimme
| ''baidme''
|osngaimme
|| ''bijdme''
|usngem
|-
|-
! 2p
!<small>2P</small>
| ''bijdats''
|usngatz
| ''beduts''
|osngutz
| ''bijdits''
|usngaitte
| ''badaits''
|osngaitte
|| ''bijdiþ''
|usnget
|-
|-
! 3p
!<small>3P</small>
| ''bijden''
|usngen
| ''beden''
|osngun
| ''bijdaine''
|usngainne
| ''bedne''
|osngainne
||
|
|-
! !! colspan="3" | Present !! colspan="3" | Past
|-
|-
! Mediopassive
! colspan="6" |Non-finite forms
| colspan="3" | bijste
| colspan="3" | beste
|-
|-
! Participle
! colspan="2" |Participle
| colspan="3" | bijdens
! colspan="2" |Mediopassive
| colspan="3" | bedens
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|-
|-
! Infintive
| colspan="2" |usngens
| colspan="6" | beden
osngens
| colspan="2" |usngevve
osngevve/ussengvve**
| colspan="2" |usgnen
|}
|}
* Note: A regular sound change shifts /tt/ into [st], and word-final /t/ into [ð].
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The past stem of ''usngen'' is slightly irregular.
 
<nowiki>**</nowiki>Both are in common usage.


The weak verb conjugation is slightly more varied based off the thematic vowel of the verb. The thematic vowel divides verb conjugation into four declensions. The thematic vowel is always indicated by the infinitive. They are as follows:
The weak verb conjugation is slightly more varied based off the thematic vowel of the verb. The thematic vowel divides verb conjugation into four declensions. The thematic vowel is always indicated by the infinitive. They are as follows:
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