Cabot Creole: Difference between revisions

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'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (Cabot Creole: Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]) is a North Iroquoian language (not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.

'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (Cabot Creole: Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]) is a North Iroquoian language (heavily lexified by English and French but not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.

==Etymology==

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|-

|-

~~! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]~~

~~| ([[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]) || ([[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]) || || ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])~~

|-

! rowspan="3" | [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]

| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] || ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]) || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]

|-

! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]

| kʷʰ || tʰ || || ~~(g)~~

| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || kʰ

|-

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

| (gʷ) || (ɾ) ~~|| || kʰ~~

| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || (g)

|-

~~! rowspan="3" | [[w:Afficate consonant|Afficate]]~~

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

~~| || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]~~ || (~~[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]~~)

|-

~~! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]~~

~~| t͡sʰ~~ || (~~t͡ʃʰ)~~

|-

~~! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

~~| || (d͡z) || (d͡ʒ~~)

|-

! colspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

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|-

! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]

| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɹ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|l]] || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]

| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] ([[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]) || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɹ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|l]] ([[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]) || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] || ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])

|}

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*Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].

*Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.

*Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.

===Vowels===

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|-

! [[w:Close vowel|High]]

| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]~[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]~[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|-

~~! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]~~

~~| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə~~]]

|-

! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]

| || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]

| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]

|}

All vowels may be long and/or nasalized.

*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.

*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.

*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.

All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.

===Pitch accent===

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! Short

| á || à

|-

! Long

| âː || ǎː

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==Morphology==

===Nouns===

====Pronouns====

Non-predicate nouns have no inflectional marking, but possessive marking is mandatory on inalienable nouns. Possessed nouns are treated as verbs, with animate agent and patient agreement marking alienable and inalienable possession respectively by the other argument, except masculine alienable possessives are marked as if both arguments are animate.

Incorporated nouns lose their accent, and some nouns have suppletive incorporated forms.

====Pronouns and Determiners====

Reflexive ''yusél'' is generally treated as an inalienable noun, and relative/interrogative proform ''ǫtą̀:'' which also has non-pronominal uses. ''Aquát'' "near" and ''i:lù'' "far" are also often used as proximal and distal demonstratives respectively.

===Verbs===

===~~Adjectives~~===

====Agreement====

===~~Negation~~===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|3M}} !! >{{gcl|3A}} !! >{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|3I}}

|-

! {{gcl|1SG}}

| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="5" | || ku- || rį- || khe- || ke- || khe-

|-

! {{gcl|1+2DU}}

| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || sęthi- || colspan="2" | thi- || rowspan="2" | yethi-

|-

! {{gcl|1+2PL}}

| sętha- || colspan="2" | tha-

|-

! {{gcl|1+3DU}}

| rowspan="2" | qua- || sąkhi- || colspan="2" | yakhi- || rowspan="2" | yakhi-

|-

! {{gcl|1+3PL}}

| sąqua- || colspan="2" | yaqua-

|-

! {{gcl|2SG}}

| skę- || style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || hęse- || colspan="3" | sę-

|-

! {{gcl|2PL}}

| squą- || sętsha- || colspan="3" | tsha-

|-

! {{gcl|3M}}

| rąke- || yą- || rowspan="2" | ∅- || colspan="3" | rų:ma-

|-

! {{gcl|3A}}

| yuque- || yetsa- || colspan="3" | ku:wa-

|-

! {{gcl|3}}

| wake- || tsa- || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | yo- || ako- || yako-

|-

! {{gcl|3I}}

| yuke- || yetsa- || colspan="2" | ku:wa-

|}

*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.

*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.

See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.

====Aspect====

Verbs supplete to mark aspect, or for newer loaned or derived verbs are with suffixes ''-∅/V̀sk/(y)ą'' for imperfective/perfective/punctual aspect respectively.

====Verb affix order====

{| class="wikitable"

! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}} {{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated noun

| stem

! {{gcl|PFV}} {{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}

|}

====Questions and negation====

Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively.

===Numerals===

Cabot Creole uses base-10 numerals, and numbers 1-10 have separate forms for human referents.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Numerals

|-

! !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1,000 !! 1,000,000

|-

! Nonhuman

| rowspan="2" | si:rò: || mų́n || thó: || thurí: || ho:rù || háy || síks || semų̀n || é:t || ną́:y || thę́n || rowspan="2" | hųrèt || rowspan="2" | thawsų̀n || rowspan="2" | mįyų̀n

|-

! Human

| lu:tsì:k || tekhì: || a:są̀ || ke:rì || quhìsk || tshatarę́ || tshatàk || tekhų́ || mąthų́ || wa:tshą̀:

|}

*Billions and above are borrowed ad hoc from English.

Ordinal numerals are derived with ''-wa:'', except for "first" this suffix is directly attached to the head noun.

==Syntax==

===Constituent order===

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 }}
-'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (<small>Cabot Creole:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]</span>) is a North Iroquoian language (not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.
+'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (<small>Cabot Creole:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]</span>) is a North Iroquoian language (heavily lexified by English and French but not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | !! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-| ([[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]) || ([[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]) || || ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" | [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
 ! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
+| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] || ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]) || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
 |-
 ! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]
-| kʷʰ || tʰ || || (g)
+| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || kʰ
 |-
 ! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-| (gʷ) || (ɾ) || || kʰ
+| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || (g)
-|-
-! rowspan="3" | [[w:Afficate consonant|Afficate]]
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] || ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]])
-|-
-! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]
-| t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ)
-|-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-| || (d͡z) || (d͡ʒ)
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
@@ Line 83: / Line 70: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
-| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɹ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|l]] || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
+| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] ([[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]) || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɹ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|l]] ([[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]) || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] || ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
 |}
@@ Line 90: / Line 77: @@
 *Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].
 *Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.
+*Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 98: / Line 86: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
-| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]~[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
+| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]~[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
-|-
-! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
-| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
 |-
 ! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
-| || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
+| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
 |}
-All vowels may be long and/or nasalized.
+*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.
+*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.
+*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.
+All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.
 ===Pitch accent===
@@ Line 115: / Line 104: @@
 ! Short
 | á || à
+|-
 ! Long
 | âː || ǎː
@@ Line 126: / Line 116: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-====Pronouns====
+Non-predicate nouns have no inflectional marking, but possessive marking is mandatory on inalienable nouns. Possessed nouns are treated as verbs, with animate agent and patient agreement marking alienable and inalienable possession respectively by the other argument, except masculine alienable possessives are marked as if both arguments are animate.
+Incorporated nouns lose their accent, and some nouns have suppletive incorporated forms.
+====Pronouns and Determiners====
+Reflexive ''yusél'' is generally treated as an inalienable noun, and relative/interrogative proform ''ǫtą̀:'' which also has non-pronominal uses. ''Aquát'' "near" and ''i:lù'' "far" are also often used as proximal and distal demonstratives respectively.
 ===Verbs===
-===Adjectives===
+====Agreement====
-===Negation===
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|3M}} !! >{{gcl|3A}} !! >{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|3I}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|1SG}}
+| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="5" | || ku- || rį- || khe- || ke- || khe-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+2DU}}
+| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || sęthi- || colspan="2" | thi- || rowspan="2" | yethi-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+2PL}}
+| sętha- || colspan="2" | tha-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+3DU}}
+| rowspan="2" | qua- || sąkhi- || colspan="2" | yakhi- || rowspan="2" | yakhi-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+3PL}}
+| sąqua- || colspan="2" | yaqua-
+|-
+! {{gcl|2SG}}
+| skę- || style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || hęse- || colspan="3" | sę-
+|-
+! {{gcl|2PL}}
+| squą- || sętsha- || colspan="3" | tsha-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3M}}
+| rąke- || yą- || rowspan="2" | ∅- || colspan="3" | rų:ma-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3A}}
+| yuque- || yetsa- || colspan="3" | ku:wa-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3}}
+| wake- || tsa- || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | yo- || ako- || yako-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3I}}
+| yuke- || yetsa- || colspan="2" | ku:wa-
+|}
+*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.
+*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.
+See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.
+====Aspect====
+Verbs supplete to mark aspect, or for newer loaned or derived verbs are with suffixes ''-∅/V̀sk/(y)ą'' for imperfective/perfective/punctual aspect respectively.
+====Verb affix order====
+{| class="wikitable"
+! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun
+| stem
+! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}
+|}
+====Questions and negation====
+Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively.
 ===Numerals===
+Cabot Creole uses base-10 numerals, and numbers 1-10 have separate forms for human referents.
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Numerals
+|-
+! !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1,000 !! 1,000,000
+|-
+! Nonhuman
+| rowspan="2" | si:rò: || mų́n || thó: || thurí: || ho:rù || háy || síks || semų̀n || é:t || ną́:y || thę́n || rowspan="2" | hųrèt || rowspan="2" | thawsų̀n || rowspan="2" | mįyų̀n
+|-
+! Human
+| lu:tsì:k || tekhì: || a:są̀ || ke:rì || quhìsk || tshatarę́ || tshatàk || tekhų́ || mąthų́ || wa:tshą̀:
+|}
+*Billions and above are borrowed ad hoc from English.
+Ordinal numerals are derived with ''-wa:'', except for "first" this suffix is directly attached to the head noun.
 ==Syntax==
 ===Constituent order===