Cabot Creole: Difference between revisions

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'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (Cabot Creole: Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]) is a North Iroquoian language (not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.

'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (Cabot Creole: Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]) is a North Iroquoian language (heavily lexified by English and French but not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.

==Etymology==

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|-

! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]

| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || ~~(g)~~

| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || kʰ

|-

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || kʰ

| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || (g)

|-

! colspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

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*Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].

*Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.

*Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.

===Vowels===

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|}

All vowels may be long and/or nasalized.

*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.

*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.

*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.

All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.

===Pitch accent===

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==Morphology==

===Nouns===

====Pronouns====

Non-predicate nouns have no inflectional marking, but possessive marking is mandatory on inalienable nouns. Possessed nouns are treated as verbs, with animate agent and patient agreement marking alienable and inalienable possession respectively by the other argument, except masculine alienable possessives are marked as if both arguments are animate.

Incorporated nouns lose their accent, and some nouns have suppletive incorporated forms.

====Pronouns and Determiners====

Reflexive ''yusél'' is generally treated as an inalienable noun, and relative/interrogative proform ''ǫtą̀:'' which also has non-pronominal uses. ''Aquát'' "near" and ''i:lù'' "far" are also often used as proximal and distal demonstratives respectively.

===Verbs===

===~~Adjectives~~===

====Agreement====

===~~Negation~~===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

~~Negation~~ is marked by a verb ~~prefix~~ ''te-'' (realized as ''te’-'' before vowels).

! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|3M}} !! >{{gcl|3A}} !! >{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|3I}}

|-

! {{gcl|1SG}}

| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="5" | || ku- || rį- || khe- || ke- || khe-

|-

! {{gcl|1+2DU}}

| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || sęthi- || colspan="2" | thi- || rowspan="2" | yethi-

|-

! {{gcl|1+2PL}}

| sętha- || colspan="2" | tha-

|-

! {{gcl|1+3DU}}

| rowspan="2" | qua- || sąkhi- || colspan="2" | yakhi- || rowspan="2" | yakhi-

|-

! {{gcl|1+3PL}}

| sąqua- || colspan="2" | yaqua-

|-

! {{gcl|2SG}}

| skę- || style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || hęse- || colspan="3" | sę-

|-

! {{gcl|2PL}}

| squą- || sętsha- || colspan="3" | tsha-

|-

! {{gcl|3M}}

| rąke- || yą- || rowspan="2" | ∅- || colspan="3" | rų:ma-

|-

! {{gcl|3A}}

| yuque- || yetsa- || colspan="3" | ku:wa-

|-

! {{gcl|3}}

| wake- || tsa- || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | yo- || ako- || yako-

|-

! {{gcl|3I}}

| yuke- || yetsa- || colspan="2" | ku:wa-

|}

*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.

*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.

See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.

====Aspect====

Verbs supplete to mark aspect, or for newer loaned or derived verbs are with suffixes ''-∅/V̀sk/(y)ą'' for imperfective/perfective/punctual aspect respectively.

====Verb affix order====

{| class="wikitable"

! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}} {{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated noun

| stem

! {{gcl|PFV}} {{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}

|}

====Questions and negation====

Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively.

===Numerals===

Cabot Creole uses base-10 numerals, and numbers 1-10 have separate forms for human referents.

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 }}
-'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (<small>Cabot Creole:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]</span>) is a North Iroquoian language (not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.
+'''Cabot Creole''' /ˈkæbət/ (<small>Cabot Creole:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Khąmu:tnų̀ [[IPA for Cabot Creole|[kʰãmə̃ːtnə̃̀]]]</span>) is a North Iroquoian language (heavily lexified by English and French but not a proper creole despite its name) spoken on the Cabot Island, a fictional island approximately 200 miles east-southeast from the coast of Newfoundland.
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Aspiration|Aspirated]]
-| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || (g)
+| kʷʰ || tʰ t͡sʰ || (t͡ʃʰ) || kʰ
 |-
 ! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || kʰ
+| (gʷ) || (ɾ d͡z) || (d͡ʒ) || (g)
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 *Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].
 *Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.
+*Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 |}
-All vowels may be long and/or nasalized.
+*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.
+*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.
+*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.
+All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.
 ===Pitch accent===
@@ Line 111: / Line 116: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-====Pronouns====
+Non-predicate nouns have no inflectional marking, but possessive marking is mandatory on inalienable nouns. Possessed nouns are treated as verbs, with animate agent and patient agreement marking alienable and inalienable possession respectively by the other argument, except masculine alienable possessives are marked as if both arguments are animate.
+Incorporated nouns lose their accent, and some nouns have suppletive incorporated forms.
+====Pronouns and Determiners====
+Reflexive ''yusél'' is generally treated as an inalienable noun, and relative/interrogative proform ''ǫtą̀:'' which also has non-pronominal uses. ''Aquát'' "near" and ''i:lù'' "far" are also often used as proximal and distal demonstratives respectively.
 ===Verbs===
-===Adjectives===
+====Agreement====
-===Negation===
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-Negation is marked by a verb prefix ''te-'' (realized as ''te’-'' before vowels).
+! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|3M}} !! >{{gcl|3A}} !! >{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|3I}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|1SG}}
+| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="5" | || ku- || rį- || khe- || ke- || khe-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+2DU}}
+| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || sęthi- || colspan="2" | thi- || rowspan="2" | yethi-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+2PL}}
+| sętha- || colspan="2" | tha-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+3DU}}
+| rowspan="2" | qua- || sąkhi- || colspan="2" | yakhi- || rowspan="2" | yakhi-
+|-
+! {{gcl|1+3PL}}
+| sąqua- || colspan="2" | yaqua-
+|-
+! {{gcl|2SG}}
+| skę- || style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || hęse- || colspan="3" | sę-
+|-
+! {{gcl|2PL}}
+| squą- || sętsha- || colspan="3" | tsha-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3M}}
+| rąke- || yą- || rowspan="2" | ∅- || colspan="3" | rų:ma-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3A}}
+| yuque- || yetsa- || colspan="3" | ku:wa-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3}}
+| wake- || tsa- || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | yo- || ako- || yako-
+|-
+! {{gcl|3I}}
+| yuke- || yetsa- || colspan="2" | ku:wa-
+|}
+*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.
+*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.
+See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.
+====Aspect====
+Verbs supplete to mark aspect, or for newer loaned or derived verbs are with suffixes ''-∅/V̀sk/(y)ą'' for imperfective/perfective/punctual aspect respectively.
+====Verb affix order====
+{| class="wikitable"
+! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun
+| stem
+! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}
+|}
+====Questions and negation====
+Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively.
 ===Numerals===
 Cabot Creole uses base-10 numerals, and numbers 1-10 have separate forms for human referents.