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User:IlL/Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = Irta
|setting = Irta
Line 27: Line 28:
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
Line 34: Line 35:
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
*Should be Iberian?
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Gzarot
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*Declensions
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more arabic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Arabic direction
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.


''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/


''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
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|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''frir'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = from the Semitic preterite
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''nėk wažker''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''at/et wažker''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''hu/hi wažker''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''nan wažker''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''atøm wažker''
| ''høm šu wažker''
| ''høm wažker''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''nėk bė ažkur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''at bė ažkur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''hu bė ažkur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''nan bė ažkur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''atøm bė ažkur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
| ''høm bė ažkur''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''nėk wytlymeð''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''at/et wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi wytlymeð''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''nan wytlymeð''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''atøm wytlymeð''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
| ''høm wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''nėk lu wytlymeð''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''at/et lu wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi lu wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''nan lu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm lu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm lu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|colspan=6|''tlymeð''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
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|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''nėk wystydȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi wystydȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan wystydȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''atøm wystydȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''nėk lu wystydȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''at/et lu wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi lu wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''nan lu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm lu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm lu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
Line 1,102: Line 1,103:
|}
|}


===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''re'' 'to see'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
|+ ''re'' 'to see, to look at'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,115: Line 1,115:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit''
| ''nėk ar''
| ''at fit''
| ''at ar''
| ''hu fė''
| ''hu jar''
| ''nan fu''
| ''nan ar''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''atøm ar''
| ''høm fu''
| ''høm ar''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''nėk fit rė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''at fit rė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''hu fė rė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''nan fu rė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''atøm fu rė''
| ''høm fu fė''
| ''høm fu rė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''nėk rė''  
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''at/et rė''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''hu/hi rė''  
| ''(nan)''
| ''nan rė''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''atøm rė''
| ''(høm)''
| ''høm rė''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''nėk lu rė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''at/et lu rė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu rė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''nan lu rė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''atøm lu rė''
| ''høm lu fė''
| ''høm lu rė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''nėk yrijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''at yrijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''hu rijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''nan rijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''atøm rijan''
| ''høm fijan''
| ''høm rijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''nėk bė rėt''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''at bė rėt''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''hu bė rėt''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''nan bė rėt''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė rėt''
| ''høm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė rėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|colspan=6| ''re!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|colspan=6| ''rėji''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|colspan=6| ''ruj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|colspan=6| ''rė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|colspan=6| ''rėt''
|}
|}
 
===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,190: Line 1,190:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ykel''
| ''nėk fit''
| ''at/et ykel''
| ''at fit''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''hu fė''
| ''nan kel''
| ''nan fu''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''høm kel''
| ''høm fu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''at wėkel''
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''(nan)''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''høm wėkel''
| ''(høm)''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ykelan''
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''at/et ykelan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''høm kelan''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''-''
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,253: Line 1,264:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''nan kel''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm fu høbu''
| ''høm kel''
|-
! present
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
|}
 
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm ryžu''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|colspan=6| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
|}


===''sėr'' 'to want'===
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'
|+ ''høva'' 'should; ought'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past
| ''nėk fit høvė''
| ''at fit høvė''
| ''hu fė høvė''
| ''nan fu høvu''
| ''atøm fu høvu''
| ''høm fu høvu''
|-
! present
| ''nėk høvė''
| ''at/et høvė''
| ''hu/hi høvė''
| ''nan høvu''
| ''atøm høvu''
| ''høm høvu''
|}
 
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,338: Line 1,357:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk sør''
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''at sør''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu sør''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan sru''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''atøm sru''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm sru''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wasar''
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''at fit wasar''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''atøm fu wasar''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wasar''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wasar''
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''at/et wasar''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''atøm wasar''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm wasar''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė sėr''
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''at bė sėr''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''atøm bė sėr''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė sėr''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wasar''
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''sur''
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|}
|}


=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
===''sėr'' 'to want'===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
 
|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
 
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
===Gzarot===
|-
:''Main article: [[Togarmite/Gzarot]]''
! past; conditional
In Semitic languages, ''gzarot'' (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. ''gizra'' גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
| ''nėk sør''
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
| ''at sør''
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
| ''hu sør''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
| ''nan sru''
 
| ''atøm sru''
Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan ''fȝøl''. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.
| ''høm sru''
 
|-
==Prepositions==
! past subjunctive
Some prepositions:
| ''nėk fit wasar''
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
| ''at fit wasar''
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
| ''hu fė wasar''
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
| ''nan fu wasar''
*''by'' (''b' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
| ''atøm fu wasar''
** bi, bak, bek, bau, ba, banė, baxøm, baum
| ''høm fu wasar''
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
|-
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
! present
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
| ''nėk wasar''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
| ''at/et wasar''
** ''3emi, 3emax, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''
| ''nan wasar''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
| ''atøm wasar''
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
| ''høm wasar''
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
|-
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
! future
**''Hu tyheb løva'' - He fell in love with her
| ''nėk bė sėr''
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
| ''at bė sėr''
*''tat'' 'under'
| ''hu bė sėr''
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
| ''nan bė sėr''
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
| ''atøm bė sėr''
*''vlėš'' 'without'
| ''høm bė sėr''
===Syntax of prepositions===
|-
 
! w-form
==Numerals==
|colspan=6| ''wasar''
===Cardinal===
|-
<poem>
! active participle
0: cefry
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
1: hað
|-
2: šnein / attributive šnė
! passive participle
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
|colspan=6| ''sur''
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
|-
5: mes (animate mest)
! infinitive
6: setš (animate setšt)
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
|}
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
 
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.
11: ȝašry wy hað
 
12: ȝašry šnein
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
20: ȝešrin
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
30: šlėšin
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
40: yrvȝin
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
50: hymsin
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
60: setšin
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door
70: syvȝin
80: šmėnin
90: tesȝin
100: met
101: met wy hað
200: metein
300: šlėš met
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.
</poem>


Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
===Gzarot===
 
:''Main article: [[Togarmite/Gzarot]]''
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
In Semitic languages, ''gzarot'' (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. ''gizra'' גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.


===Ordinal===
Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan ''fȝøl''. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.
Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives ''*ʔaʕlay-'' 'topmost' and ''*ʔaʕqab-'' 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.


*1st = olė
==Prepositions==
*2nd = ogav
Some prepositions:
*3rd = šluš
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
*4th = rvuȝ
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*5th = mus
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*6th = stuš
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
*7th = svuȝ
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*8th = smun
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*9th = tsuȝ
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*10th = ȝšur
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*13th = ȝašry šluš
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''
etc.
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===


===Fractional===
==Numerals==
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
===Cardinal===
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
<poem>
*3rd = šølšy
0: cefry
*4th = røvȝy
1: hað
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy
2: šnein / attributive šnė
 
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
 
5: mes (animate mest)
==Syntax==
6: setš (animate setšt)
===Faulty accusative marker===
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
The faulty accusative marker ''it'' is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''it'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
 
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
*''Halek wyfė li '''it''' šlėšt klavi, wy ȝeto lėš li '''it''' nuk.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
*''Yn ðėrest li ryšė li '''it''' ȝyšėt rab tamuni veit.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.
11: ȝašry wy hað
 
12: ȝašry šnein
===Questions===
20: ȝešrin
Yes-no questions require the question marker ''ha'' to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
30: šlėšin
 
40: yrvȝin
What-questions have a syntax similar to English.
50: hymsin
===Existentials===
60: setšin
The word ''iš'' is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ''ly'' 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of ''iš'' is ''lėš''.
70: syvȝin
*''Lėš mygėm ėn kølšar nyȝum.'' = There is no place where everyone is happy.
80: šmėnin
*''Ha iš lek ša3t?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?
90: tesȝin
100: met
101: met wy hað
200: metein
300: šlėš met
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.
</poem>


=== Clauses ===
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
*"if" = ''em''
*"then" = ''šøm''
*"though" = ''ak'', ''kenak''


===Relative clauses===
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
The relative pronoun ''žė'' is used for both relative and complement clauses. It may takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns. The word ''žė'' is from PSem *ðā, the accusative singular form of the demonstrative *ðū; cf. Biblical Hebrew זו ''zu'', Aramaic די ''dī''.


For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:
===Ordinal===
Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives ''*ʔaʕlay-'' 'topmost' and ''*ʔaʕqab-'' 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.


*the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*1st = olė
*the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn γavry žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*2nd = ogav
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.
*3rd = šluš
*4th = rvuȝ
*5th = mus
*6th = stuš
*7th = svuȝ
*8th = smun
*9th = tsuȝ
*10th = ȝšur
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
*13th = ȝašry šluš
etc.


==Derivation==
===Fractional===
===Noun and adjective patterns===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*''CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t)'' = segolates
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*3rd = šølšy
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
*4th = røvȝy
*''CyCėC'' = some adjectives
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy
*''CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt''
 
*''CaCøCt'' = describes a condition
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
*''CyCeCCaC'' = diminutive
*''myCCaC(t)'', ''meCCaC(t)'', ''myCCėC'': noun, often denoting place
*''maCCaCt'' = causative version of ''myCCaC(t)''
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


===Affixes===
==Syntax==
*''-an'' = forms agentives and adjectives
===Faulty accusative marker===
*''-in'' = collectives
The faulty accusative marker ''it'' is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''it'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
*''-ut'' = abstract noun
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-it'' = forms adverbs
*''i-'' = non-, un-
**''ivyšari'' 'incorporeal'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
**''iðuȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''iduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
**''gðėsri'' = sanctimoniousness, from ''gðės'' '(archaic) holy'
**''kal'anri'' = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive ''kal'an'' 'hypocrite' of √''x-l-ʔ'' 'double'
*''afto-'' = self-
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''eðarky'' 'away'
**''etal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
*''-vyl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''avȝel'' 'to be able to')
*''ty-'' 're-' (from the tD-stem)
**''tynawer'' 'to reflect', from ''naur'' 'light'
**''tybarkes'' 'to react', from ''barkis'' 'action'
**''tysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
**''tyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
**unpredictable change in meaning stem)


==Phrasebook==
*''Halek wyfė li '''it''' šlėšt klavi, wy ȝeto lėš li '''it''' nuk.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
some phrases in Togarmite:
*''Yn ðėrest li ryšė li '''it''' ȝyšėt rab tamuni veit.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.


*Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
===Questions===
*Slėm ȝlėkøm! - Hello! (formal)
Yes-no questions require the question marker ''ha'' to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
*Leil dėv! / Num vy dėv! - Good night! / Sleep well!
*Jaum dėv! - Good day!
*Ekarus! / Ekarus tak/tek/takøm! - Thanks!
*Ȝem ryžan - Please / You're welcome
*Tryhef ti - Excuse me, Pardon
*Nėk nyhum - I'm sorry
*Ma yn sem lak/lek/lakøm? - What's your name?
*Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
*Keik wymar iþ [thing] in Tėrmit? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
*H' at/et/atøm wyðėver [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
*Ȝem ryžan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
*Hė lak/lek/lakøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
**Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
*Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
*''En'' = Yes.
*''Lė'' = No.


==Sample texts==
What-questions have a syntax similar to English.
=== Schleicher ===
===Existentials===
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''
The word ''iš'' is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ''ly'' 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of ''iš'' is ''lėš''.
*''Lėš mygėm ėn kølšar nyȝum.'' = There is no place where everyone is happy.
*''Ha iš lek ša3t?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?


''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''
=== Clauses ===
 
*"if" = ''em''
Old Tog.:
*"then" = ''šøm''
*"though" = ''ak'', ''kenak''


''An xabše wan φarasīn''
===Relative clauses===
The relative pronoun ''žė'' is used for both relative and complement clauses. It may takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns. The word ''žė'' is from PSem *ðā, the accusative singular form of the demonstrative *ðū; cf. Biblical Hebrew זו ''zu'', Aramaic די ''dī''.


''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:


Hebrew:
*the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn γavry žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.


{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}
==Derivation==
===Noun and adjective patterns===
*''CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t)'' = segolates
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
*''CyCėC'' = some adjectives
*''CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt''
*''CaCøCt'' = describes a condition
*''CyCeCCaC'' = diminutive
*''myCCaC(t)'', ''meCCaC(t)'', ''myCCėC'': noun, often denoting place
*''maCCaCt'' = causative version of ''myCCaC(t)''
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''tyCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felanthrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}
===Affixes===
 
*''-an'' = forms agentives and adjectives
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
*''-in'' = collectives
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''
*''-ut'' = abstract noun
 
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
===A biology abstract===
*''-it'' = forms adverbs
 
*''i-'' = non-, un-
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''
**''ivyšari'' 'incorporeal'
 
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
 
**''iðuȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''iduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
===Newton's laws of motion===
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
''I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.''
**''gðėsri'' = sanctimoniousness, from ''gðės'' '(archaic) holy'
 
**''kal'anri'' = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive ''kal'an'' 'hypocrite' of √''x-l-ʔ'' 'double'
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
*''afto-'' = self-
 
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
 
**''eðarky'' 'away'
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
**''etal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
 
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.''
*''-vyl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''avȝel'' 'to be able to')
 
*''ty-'' 're-' (from the tD-stem)
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
**''tynawer'' 'to reflect', from ''naur'' 'light'
 
**''tybarkes'' 'to react', from ''barkis'' 'action'
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
**''tysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
<poem>
**''tyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
**unpredictable change in meaning stem)
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali vor.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''


O how quickly the sculpture of life
==Phrasebook==
Shattered into tiny fragments!
some phrases in Togarmite:
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.
</poem>


===Warming Up To You===
*Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
<poem>
*Slėm ȝlėkøm! - Hello! (formal)
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
*Leil dėv! / Num vy dėv! - Good night! / Sleep well!
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
*Jaum dėv! - Good day!
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
*Ekarus! / Ekarus tak/tek/takøm! - Thanks!
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
*Ȝem ryžan - Please / You're welcome
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
*Tryhef ti - Excuse me, Pardon
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
*Nėk nyhum - I'm sorry
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
*Ma yn sem lak/lek/lakøm? - What's your name?
</poem>
*Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
 
*Keik wymar iþ [thing] in Tėrmit? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
===Stairway To Heaven===
*H' at/et/atøm wyðėver [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
<poem>
*Ȝem ryžan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
*Hė lak/lek/lakøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
Iš volt žė hi šur
**Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
Køl žė nėher že žahav
*Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
*''En'' = Yes.
</poem>
*''Lė'' = No.
 
===UDHR===
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''
 
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
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