Cabot Creole: Difference between revisions

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*Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].

*Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.

*/w ɹ j/ not adjacent to a vowel become /i ə o/.

*Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.

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*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.

*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.

*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.

All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.

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*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.

*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.

*Verbs with adjective-like meanings and two non-indefinite arguments are often semantically comparative.

See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.

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====Verb affix order====

{| class="wikitable"

! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}} {{gcl|TLOC}} !! agreement !! incorporated noun

! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}} {{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated noun

| stem

! {{gcl|PFV}} {{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}

! {{gcl|PFV}} {{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|INST}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}

|}

====Coincident and motion====

Coincident ''ts-'' marks simultaneous action, and forms relative clauses.

''t-'' and ''ya:w-'' mark cislocative and translocative motion respectively; the cislocative is also used to mark imperatives (though ''-thamąrę́'' is used periphrastically for prohibitives), and the translocative is also used to mark superlative adjective-like verbs.

====Partitive and instrumental====

Partitive ''li-'' singularizes or otherwise reduces a verb's agent.

Instrumental ''-quhi'' marks an incorporated noun as an instrument or means.

====Questions and negation====

Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' ~~(realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels)~~ respectively.

Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' respectively.

===Numerals===

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 *Plain stops and affricates are voiced intervocalically, including across word boundaries; /t/ is voiced as [ɾ].
 *Sibilants are realized as postalveolar before /j/ and front vowels, including across word boundaries.
+*/w ɹ j/ not adjacent to a vowel become /i ə o/.
 *Some speakers insert [ʔ] between vowels on word boundaries and before utterance-initial vowels.
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 *[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long.
 *Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters.
+*Coda /{i,e,o,a}ɹ/ are realized as /e,ə,a,ə/.
 All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear.
@@ Line 162: / Line 164: @@
 *Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel.
 *Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs.
+*Verbs with adjective-like meanings and two non-indefinite arguments are often semantically comparative.
 See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking.
@@ Line 170: / Line 173: @@
 ====Verb affix order====
 {| class="wikitable"
-! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun
+! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun
 | stem
-! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}
+! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|INST}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}}
 |}
+====Coincident and motion====
+Coincident ''ts-'' marks simultaneous action, and forms relative clauses.
+''t-'' and ''ya:w-'' mark cislocative and translocative motion respectively; the cislocative is also used to mark imperatives (though ''-thamąrę́'' is used periphrastically for prohibitives), and the translocative is also used to mark superlative adjective-like verbs.
+====Partitive and instrumental====
+Partitive ''li-'' singularizes or otherwise reduces a verb's agent.
+Instrumental ''-quhi'' marks an incorporated noun as an instrument or means.
 ====Questions and negation====
-Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively.
+Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' respectively.
 ===Numerals===