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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Fithid'' /ˈfi{{long}}t{{asp}}ɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fithi'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | Move to Spain? |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
| | Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one |
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| {{Infobox language
| | Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | * ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing" |
| |nativename = Kibri
| | * ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing" |
| |image =
| | * ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i) |
| |setting =
| | * ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things" |
| |name = Cubrite
| | * ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey" |
| |pronunciation =
| | * ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon" |
| |region =
| | * ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon" |
| |states =
| | * ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending) |
| |speakers =
| | * ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons" |
| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Canaanite
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| |fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
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| |fam6=[[Old Cubrite]]
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| }}
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| '''Cubrite''' (''Kibri'' /kɪbɹɪ/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in the Lõis timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the British Isles and more common in Canada and the United States. Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadosch (Cubrite ''Krirdox'' /kɹeːˈdɔɧ/ from Ancient Cubrite ''*κarjō ħadasō'' 'new city') dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew which was spoken in North Africa and preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of [[Far East Semitic]]. Most modern Cubrites are Catholic; some (particularly in North America) are Muslim, Jewish or neopagan.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | '''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/ |
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| Cubrite has many Greek, Arabic, Romance and English loanwords.
| | === Consonants === |
| | * (lost, not written) from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * /v/ '''v''' from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * /ɣ/ '''g''' from Old Knench /g/ |
| | * /ð/ '''d''' from Old Knench /d/ |
| | * /0/ '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * /w/ '''w''' from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * /z/ '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * /qʰ/ '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * /t˭/ '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/ |
| | * /j/ '''j''' from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * /kʰ/ '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * /l/ '''l''' from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * /m/ '''m''' from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * /n/ '''n''' from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * /s/ '''x''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * /ʁ{{tilde}}/ '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * /f/ '''f''' from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * /p˭/ '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/ |
| | * /t{{tiebar}}s˭| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * /k˭/ '''c''' from Old Knench /q/ |
| | * /ɾ/ '''r''' from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * /s{{ret}}/ '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * /tʰ/ '''th''' from Old Knench /t/ |
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| It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
| | '''qh''' is shifting to /x~h/ in Modern Knench. |
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| == Names == | | === Mutation === |
| === Native Cubrite names === | |
| * Parm (f.) is from baśam
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| ==History== | | == Morphology == |
| Non-rhoticity and the shift to auxiliaries were complete by the 12th century, and Cubrite has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation and gender.
| | === Pronouns === |
| | * 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel) |
| | * 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi), ''-u/-ů'' |
| | * 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi) |
| | * 1pl: ''nu'' |
| | * 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3pl: <i>'m</i> |
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| ==TODO== | | === Verbs === |
| *passive imperfective vs perfective
| | The lexical verb is usually in the infinitive form in Knench: |
| *should be northwest European / British Isles / Danish
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| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *Many adverbs from infinitive absolute
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| *''kori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
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| *''šavų'' = week
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| *''mødbę'' = conference
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| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
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| *''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die?
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| ===Some sound changes===
| | : ''Re ni byl chilo laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.' |
| *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ō'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
| | : ''Re ni by chilo i tha laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG FA bread) '(archaic) I eat/am eating bread.' |
| *non-rhoticity (nonrhoticity has to happen after fem sg ending loss)
| | : ''Chilo laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)' |
| *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
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| *ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
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| *d-t, t-t (morpheme boundary) > st
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| *xr > x
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| ==Phonology==
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited infinitive construct forms (the binyanim are fɣul, yfeɣyl, ythfeɣyl, feɣyl, efɣyl, ysthefɣyl) or from noun patterns. |
| ===Consonants===
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| */m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
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| */p ʔpʰ b f v t d ʔtʰ~ʔ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b pp f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
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| */s z ts ʃ ʒ tʃ (voiceless ɹ) h~x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}
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| Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
| | ==Sample texts==<!-- |
| | === Schleicher === |
| | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' |
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| Stops are unaspirated.
| | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Old Tog.: |
| {{PAGENAME}} has one of the largest vowel inventories of any Semitic language in Lõis (Maltese also has 18 vowels):
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| /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ äe iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u é í ó ú ą ę į ų ar er ir ur ø/r}}
| | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' |
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| Word-final /ə/ is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'' (''ør'' after ''r''), unless it's in a short clitic (such as ''pø/p''' where it can be dropped.
| | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' |
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| The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels:
| | Hebrew: |
| *Schwa: ø/r
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| *Short vowels: a e i o u
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| *Lengthened vowels: é í ó ú
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| *Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
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| *R-colored vowels: ar er ir ur
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| ===Prosody===
| | {{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} |
| ====Stress====
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| Stress tends penultimate or final.
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| ====Intonation====
| | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} |
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| | * ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' |
| ===Morphophonology===
| | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' |
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| ==Orthography== | | ===A biology abstract=== |
| Modern Cubrite is written in an English-like orthography, like Manx. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his work ''A comparative grammar of the British Isles languages''.
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| ==Morphology==
| | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' |
| {{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. |
| --> | | --> |
| ===Nouns and adjectives=== | | ===Newton's laws of motion=== |
| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in number. Cubrite has lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
| | ''I: Re gif byl sbuth by demi, ylů by qhufuz bal-mystheny, chim força b acço ɣaju.'' |
| ==== Number and definiteness ====
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| {{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ūδ''). ''-u'' nouns become ''-lr'' in the plural: ''þebu, þeblr'' 'a world, worlds'.
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| Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows:
| | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. |
| *Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
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| ** -u nouns become -was: ''abu, abwas'' 'an apple, the apple'
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| *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
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| ** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples'
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| Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''-ør''.
| | ''II: Re senůdaz ly momentaz ly gif by mathcini lid forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaj gifaz; u re senůdaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaju.'' |
| * ''plą'' 'a tree', ''pląrør'' 'trees'
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| * ''elú'' 'a god', ''elúwør'' 'gods'
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| Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
| | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. |
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| Examples:
| | ''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u nyh{{umlaut}}focho.'' |
| *''xadr'' = a room
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| *''xadras'' = the room
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| *''xadrør'' = rooms
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| *''xadril'' = the rooms
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| *''xadr kruw'' = a big room
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| *''xadras kruw'' = the big room
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| *''botr krulr'' = big houses
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| *''botil krulr'' = the big houses
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| ''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-mat'' nouns: ''þemat, þematas, þematr, þematil'' 'topic, theme'. | | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. |
| | <!-- |
| | ===O how quickly the sculpture of life=== |
| | <poem> |
| | ''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt'' |
| | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' |
| | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' |
| | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' |
| | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' |
| | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
| | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' |
| | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' |
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| ==== Predicative adjectives ====
| | O how quickly the sculpture of life |
| The predicative/adverbial marker ''bø'' + bare form is used for predicative adjectives: ''Re xadras bø kruw'' 'The room is big'. | | Shattered into tiny fragments! |
| | The splendor of the king on his throne |
| | Is completely swept away by sea-waves. |
| | Ye who come hither stationed here, |
| | By the grace of God ye are guests on earth. |
| | All of us are judged according to our actions; |
| | Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another. |
| | </poem> |
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| ==== Degree ==== | | ===Warming Up To You=== |
| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
| | <poem> |
| *Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
| | '''Wetyhmem liðak''' |
| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prí'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
| | Kenak at vė mėt in klėt, |
| | Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak, |
| | Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut, |
| | Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy; |
| | Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt |
| | Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr. |
| | </poem> |
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| Example: ''kruw'' 'big', ''degruw'' 'as big as'; ''rogruw'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kruwðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
| | ===Stairway To Heaven=== |
| | <poem> |
| | '''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit''' |
| | Iš volt žė hi šur |
| | Køl žė nėher že žahav |
| | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit |
| | </poem> |
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| === Pronouns === | | ===UDHR=== |
| Cubrite has a pronoun system similar to European languages, except that there is no grammatical gender and ''se'' "that" is used as an inanimate or gender-neutral pronoun. There is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tim'' is also used as a polite pronoun. ''hr/hi/him'' (from older object/possessive forms) may be found instead of ''tr/ti/tim'' (from the older independent form) in some dialects.
| | ''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.'' |
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| ''I'' (/i:/ or /ɪ/) is the default form for the 1sg subject pronoun; ''ni'' is used after a vowel or for disambiguation.
| | --> |
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| ''Tu'' has been proposed as a 2nd person singular neopronoun (inspired by Romance languages). This isn't as common as using the 2nd person plural ''tim'' as singular, however.
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| For 3fs, ''hi'' is most often used sentence-initially (for present tense). Otherwise ''oj'' is used.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}, basic forms
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | ye
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| |-
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| ! Basic forms
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| | ''i, ni''
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| | ''tr''
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| | ''ti''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''oj, hi''
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| | ''nu''
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| | ''tim''
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| | ''im''
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| |-
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| ! With ''=nr''
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| | ''(n)inr''
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| | ''tanr''
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| | ''tenr''
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| | ''unr''
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| | ''ojnr, hinr''
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| | ''nunr''
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| | ''temnr''
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| | ''emnr''
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| |}
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| ===Verbs===
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| Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct, which may sometimes be conflated with the etymological imperative). The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett l'oj!'' = 'Give it to her!' The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''žbuð'' 'to be idle, to lie fallow'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb (e.g. ''benin'' 'to build', cognate to Hebrew ''binyan''; from the root b-n-y)
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| ====Inflected lexical verbs====
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| There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
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| *''juð'' 'to be' (the past form ''han'' is cognate to Arabic ''kāna'')
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| *''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
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| *''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
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| *''laht'' 'to go'
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| *''kaht'' 'to take'
| |
| *''ðett'' 'to give'
| |
| | |
| The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
| |
| | |
| Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''juð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bø + VN construction.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| ! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | you (plural)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''juð''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''é ni''
| |
| | ''þé tr''
| |
| | ''þí ti''
| |
| | ''jé u''
| |
| | ''þé oj''
| |
| | ''né nu''
| |
| | ''þú tim''
| |
| | ''jú'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''han i''
| |
| | ''han tr''
| |
| | ''han ti''
| |
| | ''han u''
| |
| | ''han oj''
| |
| | ''han nu''
| |
| | ''han tim''
| |
| | ''hanu'm, han im''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''fluð''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''ąf i''
| |
| | ''þąf tr''
| |
| | ''þąf ti''
| |
| | ''jąf u''
| |
| | ''þąf oj''
| |
| | ''nąf nu''
| |
| | ''þąflu tim''
| |
| | ''jąflu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''fowð i''
| |
| | ''fows tr''
| |
| | ''fows ti''
| |
| | ''fow u''
| |
| | ''fól oj''
| |
| | ''fown nu''
| |
| | ''fowðu tim''
| |
| | ''flu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''luð''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''eð i''
| |
| | ''þes tr''
| |
| | ''þes ti''
| |
| | ''jeð u''
| |
| | ''þeð oj''
| |
| | ''neð nu''
| |
| | ''þeðu tim''
| |
| | ''jeðu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''powð i''
| |
| | ''pows tr''
| |
| | ''pows ti''
| |
| | ''pow u''
| |
| | ''pól oj''
| |
| | ''pown nu''
| |
| | ''powðu tim''
| |
| | ''pu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''laht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''lej i''
| |
| | ''tlej tr''
| |
| | ''tlej ti''
| |
| | ''len u''
| |
| | ''tlen oj''
| |
| | ''lej nu''
| |
| | ''tlew tim''
| |
| | ''lew'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''lawð i''
| |
| | ''laws tr''
| |
| | ''laws ti''
| |
| | ''law u''
| |
| | ''lęl oj''
| |
| | ''lawn nu''
| |
| | ''lawðu tim''
| |
| | ''lalu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''kaht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''kej i''
| |
| | ''tkej tr''
| |
| | ''tkej ti''
| |
| | ''ken u''
| |
| | ''tken oj''
| |
| | ''kej nu''
| |
| | ''tkew tim''
| |
| | ''kew'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''kawð i''
| |
| | ''kaws tr''
| |
| | ''kawd ti''
| |
| | ''kaw u''
| |
| | ''kęl oj''
| |
| | ''kawn nu''
| |
| | ''kawðu tim''
| |
| | ''kalu'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''ðett''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''nej i''
| |
| | ''tnej tr''
| |
| | ''tnej ti''
| |
| | ''nen u''
| |
| | ''tnen oj''
| |
| | ''nej nu''
| |
| | ''tnew tim''
| |
| | ''new'm''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''nawð i''
| |
| | ''naws tr''
| |
| | ''naws ti''
| |
| | ''naw u''
| |
| | ''nęl oj''
| |
| | ''nawn nu''
| |
| | ''nawðu tim''
| |
| | ''nalu'm''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Most non-pronominal forms come in non-feminine and feminine, and agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects the non-feminine form is used.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
| |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
| |
| | |
| When C1 is a guttural, the ''l-'' usually resurfaces:
| |
| * C1 = ayin: ''ląbur'' 'to go past'
| |
| * C1 = aleph/he: ''lévuð'' 'to bake, to fire', ''lézuð'' 'to be on drugs' (or ''vuð'', ''zuð'')
| |
| * C1 = heth: ''lętul'' 'to cease/stop'
| |
| | |
| ====-t verbs====
| |
| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
| |
| *laht = to go by foot
| |
| *kaht = to take
| |
| *žaht = to go back
| |
| *žoft = to sit
| |
| *lost = to be born
| |
| *rost = to go down
| |
| *rašt = to receive
| |
| *ðett = to give
| |
| *xett = to carry, to owe, should
| |
| *tsett = to go out
| |
| *žątt = to go by vehicle
| |
| *gątt = to hit
| |
| *dątt = to know
| |
| *tątt /tãːʔt/ = to farm, to grow (plants)
| |
| | |
| ====Regular nif3al====
| |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The ''l-'' appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular pi3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hif3il====
| |
| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hithpa3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *liδCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
| |
| | |
| ====Other verbs====
| |
| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
| |
| | |
| === Auxiliaries ===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | ye
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
| |
| ! | Non-pronominal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present (''ri, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| |
| | ''i, ni''
| |
| | ''tr''
| |
| | ''ti''
| |
| | ''u''
| |
| | ''hi''
| |
| | ''nu''
| |
| | ''tim''
| |
| | ''rim''
| |
| | ''ri'', ''r' '' before V
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| |
| | ''łud i''
| |
| | ''łud tr''
| |
| | ''łud ti''
| |
| | ''łuden u''
| |
| | ''łuden oj''
| |
| | ''łud nu''
| |
| | ''łud tim''
| |
| | ''łud im''
| |
| | ''ngud''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur i''
| |
| | ''þur tr''
| |
| | ''þri ti''
| |
| | ''jur u''
| |
| | ''þur oj''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''þru tim''
| |
| | ''juru'm''
| |
| | ''jur/þur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''barð i''
| |
| | ''bart tr''
| |
| | ''bart ti''
| |
| | ''bar u''
| |
| | ''bro oj''
| |
| | ''barn nu''
| |
| | ''bart tim''
| |
| | ''bru'm''
| |
| | ''bar/bro''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''siv i''
| |
| | ''tsiv tr''
| |
| | ''tsiv ti''
| |
| | ''isiv u''
| |
| | ''tsiv oj''
| |
| | ''nusiv nu''
| |
| | ''tsiv tim''
| |
| | ''isivu'm''
| |
| | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''sevð i''
| |
| | ''seft tr''
| |
| | ''seft ti''
| |
| | ''sev u''
| |
| | ''sev oj''
| |
| | ''sev nu''
| |
| | ''seft tim''
| |
| | ''sivu'm''
| |
| | ''siv/sivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''þøzum tr''
| |
| | ''þøzum ti''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''þøzum oj''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''þøzmu tim''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |}
| |
| ''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
| |
| *''Re Đavíð ław žin.'' = David is about to sleep.
| |
| *''Pið Đavíð ław žin, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
| |
| | |
| Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''re'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.
| |
| * ''Đavíð ław žin nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
| |
| * ''Đavíð nr ław žin?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
| |
| * ''Fows nr tr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?
| |
| * ''Fows ta nr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?
| |
| | |
| ''kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
| |
| | |
| The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąras ðø luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah tr mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah tr!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
| | |
| example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: el "for"; pø/p' 'in, at' is inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lah ta
| |
| *2sg.f: lah te
| |
| *3sg.m: lom u
| |
| *3sg.f: ló oj
| |
| *3sg.n: løze
| |
| *1pl. lon nu
| |
| *2pl. lam tem
| |
| *3pl. low'm
| |
| | |
| Other prepositions:
| |
| *''men'' = from
| |
| *''túb el'' = for
| |
| *''jern'' = because of (also "reason")
| |
| *''łej'' = on, above
| |
| *''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
| |
| *''pøłé'' = inside, within
| |
| **sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
| |
| *''pølip'' = amidst
| |
| *''wen'' = without
| |
| *''møné'' = before, in front of
| |
| *''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
| |
| *''xer'' = after
| |
| *''møłęl'' = above
| |
| *''møþęl'' = below
| |
| *''þaht'' = instead of
| |
| *''til'' = like, as
| |
| *''xakr'' = until
| |
| *''gu'' = up to
| |
| | |
| === Numbers ===
| |
| | |
| Danish system?
| |
| | |
| 0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xęð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluž, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
| |
| | |
| 11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlužąx, arvąx, xomižąx, šežąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þežąx, łexi
| |
| | |
| 21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
| |
| | |
| 31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
| |
| | |
| 41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xęð, šné łexi šném, ...
| |
| | |
| 60: šluž łexi
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| | |
| 100: mír
| |
| | |
| 1000: awv
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
| | |
| :'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re béð u bø degrú til stadi.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Fól oj ðø fluð halkkbéð oj bø ro-múxr.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
| | |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mahumō lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
| | |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative (glossed as FA) particle ''ðø'' or ''ð' '', from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''. It is actually not used for direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. It also replaces a (TAM-marking) "preposition" in front of a lexical verb, when no preposition is used.
| |
| | |
| === Noun phrase ===
| |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
| | |
| The abstract demonstrative (referring to sentences or facts) is ''suð''.
| |
| | |
| ===Words for yes and no===
| |
| *''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
| |
| *''haj'' (from hajjē "where?") = present 'no'
| |
| *''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
| |
| *''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
| |
| *''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
| |
| *''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
| |
| *''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
| |
| | |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ====VN constructions====
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm goes
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''ław''' laht'' = Parm is going
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''xar''' laht'' = Parm has gone
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''xar juð bø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''døž''' laht'' = Parm just went
| |
| *'''''ri''' Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
| |
| *'''''fól''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm went (perfective; cf. AAVE ''She done went'')
| |
| *'''''þąf''' Parm '''ðø''' laht'' = Parm will go (perfective)
| |
| *'''''han''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm went (imperfective)
| |
| *'''''þé''' Parm '''bø''' laht'' = Parm will go (imperfective)
| |
| *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
| |
| *'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
| |
| | |
| === Balancing vs deranking conjunctions ===
| |
| Balancing conjunctions take full finite clauses (clauses with a finite verb or an auxiliary):
| |
| * ''mur'' (complementizer)
| |
| | |
| Deranking conjunctions replace finite forms of the copula ''juð'' and thus are also called ''copula-replacing conjunctions'' (e.g. by Hrafn). Some CRCs are:
| |
| * ''prí'' ("than")
| |
| * ''jið'' (complementizer)
| |
| * ''pið'' ("when")
| |
| | |
| === Time clauses ===
| |
| ==== ''pið''-clauses ====
| |
| A ''pið''-clause is in the same tense as the clause it's embedded in. ''Pið''-clauses denote states, things that can be marked with ''re'' + tense markers in the present tense), rather than completed actions.
| |
| ==== ''łeðr''-clauses ====
| |
| ''łeðr'' can be used for clauses with auxiliaries other than ''juð''.
| |
| | |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
| |
| | |
| ===Relativizer===
| |
| Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'').
| |
| | |
| *{{gentium|''I bø hél abwas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
| |
| | |
| === Serial verb construction ===
| |
| Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| : Pow Móšé ðø kaht vðųx maþøn u. / Fow Móšé ðø luð kaht vðųx maþøn u.
| |
| : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe FA take.INF open.INF gift / PST.3SG.M Moshe FA come.INF take.INF open.INF gift 3SG.M
| |
| :Moshe came, took, and opened his gift.
| |
| | |
| Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' '(t)hence', ''bu'' '(t)hither' and ''kub'' 'movement together with another person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Cubrite has the following vocabulary layers:
| |
| | |
| # Most of the common words are inherited from the Semitic common ancestor of Ancient Cubrite and Biblical Hebrew, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
| |
| # Celtic substrates
| |
| # Ancient Greek, Aramaic
| |
| # Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
| |
| | |
| Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
| |
| | |
| Many words are formed from earlier construct state or verb + object combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
| |
| *''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*habanē binjan'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šafx dam'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''xefin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ fin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
| |
| *''kraleb'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
| | |
| Some productive affixes are:
| |
| *pen-/ple- = agentive
| |
| ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
| |
| *peδ- = place noun
| |
| *pød-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter')
| |
| ** ''plą'' = tree (*pett ja3r)
| |
| ** ''plam'' = wave (*pett jamm)
| |
| ** ''plémr'' = sentence (*pett himrō)
| |
| ** ''pleš'' = flame
| |
| ** ''pled'' = echo
| |
| ** ''pødner'' = stream
| |
| ** ''pødmattr'' = raindrop
| |
| ** ''pødgašøm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain')
| |
| *''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
| |
| * -is: -ess (from Celtic)
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| ** ''vasilis'' 'queen' < ''vasil'' 'king'
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| ** ''męšivis'' 'witch' < ''męšiv'' 'mage, wizard'
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| * ''lið-'' = mediopassive
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===UDHR, Article 1===
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| :'''''Bar hol plenšil ðø lost bø xur e bø šaw łej hobdas e šertil. Bru'm ðø fkud jax rižún e kraleb, e rim bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøžóm axwr.'''''
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| :[hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl bɹʊm ðə ˌlɔzd bə ˈɧoː‿ɹ.ə bə ˈʃaw ɴɛj hɔbdas ə ʃɛ:tɪl ‖ bɹʊm ðə ˌfkʊd jaɧ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ə kɹaˈlɛb, ə ɹɛm bə ɧɛʔt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjaɧəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʃaom ˈaɧwə]
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| :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
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| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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| ===Tower of Babel===
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| # ''Bar pø þó law þebwas ðø súðu xóvas ðø dapr e han súðu númas bø lųl.''
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| # ''Wini pið im bø laht men óstr, flu'm ðø vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
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| # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb vuð im." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ðø lųl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
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| # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krir lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruž se ðø ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ðø nawž nu dųžim! Oz nąf nu mul ðø liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
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| # ''Wini fow Kižas ðø rost bu, hę jąf u ðø xettném el kriras e pirisr har han plenšil ław benin.''
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| # ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr kalu'm ðø laxew fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, jé mul mihšul el mędøbr har jú'm bø zúm fluð!''
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| # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm im, oz jú'm mul bø lębin núm šúv."''
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| # ''E men feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm ðø lętul benin kriras.''
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| # ''Me jernas fu ken kriras ðø šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas ðø bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas ðø vasir im łej þó law þebwas.''
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| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one man (informally), one woman (informally), and politely/gender-neutrally respectively.
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| *''Šoløm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
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| *''Xakr!'' = See you!
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| *''Ebí tr/ti/tim!'' = Welcome!
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| *''Parg lah tr/ti/tim!'' = Thank you!
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| *''Tsøxém tr/ti/tim'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
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| **also ''plíz'' [pli:z] (from English)
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| *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
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| * ''Ajšr šemas tkej tr/ti [tkew tim]?'' = What's your name?
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| *''Kej ni ðø šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
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| *''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...
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| *''Barð i lost pø...'' = I was born in...
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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