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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Scots Norse
|name=Scots Norse
|nativename=Sudhrø̀sk
|nativename=Agharsc
|pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ
|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]]
|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|script1=Runr
|fam5=Gaelo-Nordic<sup>?</sup>
|script2=Latn
|script1=Latn
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Sudrey Norse]]
|ancestor4=[[Scots Norse]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|created=April 3rd, 2026
|created=April 3rd, 2026
|setting=
|setting=
|dia1=Inner South
|stand1={{l|snon|Agharsc Shorchas}}
|dia2=Inner Central
|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]
|dia3=Inner North
|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]
|dia4=Outer South
|dia5=Outer North
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Scotland
|nation=Scotland
|speakers=(L1) 35,000
|speakers=(L1) 2,500
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000~75,000
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|date=2018
|date=2020
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Sudhrø̀sk''; /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse (see "-ske" /ʃcʰ/ vs "-sk" /skʰ/)
Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
 
Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
 
Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.
 
==Classification==
Scots Norse has long been a difficulty for linguists to classify, as it shows clear signs of being a mixed language, though the extent of this has been, and still is, heavily debated and questioned. As well as the general lack of speakers, it is hard to determine whether it stands as a creole or not, thus the general consensus among modern linguists to class it under ''Gaelo-Nordic'' till enough research has been done to reclassify it under a more appropriate position, potentially as a Scottish-Norse creole.
 
The difficulty in classifying Scots Norse comes largely down to the morphology and phonology, where it is closer to the modern Gaelic languages than the other Nordic languages, having lost most inflection while simultaneously gaining a simple system of preposition inflections from heavily reduced pronouns.


Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''Hàsudhrø̀sk'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")
==History==
==History==
===Early Scots Norse===
===Pre-Modern===
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to [[w:Scotland|Scotland]] with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots and English.
 
Having been spoken throughout all of Suðreyjar, Scots Norse once had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] ({{l|snon|Ma}}). Little is known about the Mannish dialect ({{l|snon|Mazc}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that it still had the original [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."
 
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occurred in the 18th century when several of the last native speakers (having had no more than 150 remaining speakers) were gathered together by [[Sorcha of Uist]] in order to compile two main documents, [[An Etymological Dictionary of Scotland's Norse|a dictionary]] and [[A Description of Scotland's Norse|a grammar]]. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
 
===Modern===
Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making its usage extremely limited.
 
Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.
 
==Development==
The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
===Pre-Scots Norse===
This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse
 
*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants.
*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/
*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/
*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r
*/ɣ/ > /g/
*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)
*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/
*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels
*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/
 
===Sudrey Norse===
Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.
 
*development of slender/broad/plain distinction
*front round vowels break to /jV/
*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/
*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/
*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants.
*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.
*unstressed vowels to /ə/.
*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>


Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse ''"monø̀jr"'' /mɒ.ˈnei̯θ͇/). Little is known about Manx Norse (''monø̀sk''), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]."
===Modern Scots Norse===
===Modern Scots Norse===
*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/.
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/
*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds
**lenition: from being intervocalic
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ɟə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|àegh}} /ˈɑj/
**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination.
*several palatalized sounds shift:
**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 45: Line 102:
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=3 | labial
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=3 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=3 | velar
! colspan=2 | velar
|-
|-
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | nasal
| m
| m
| mˠ
| mʲ
| mʲ
| n
| n
| nˠ
| ɲ
| ɲ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | stop
! Unvoiced
! unvoiced
| p
| p
| pˠ
| pʲ
| pʲ
| t
| t
| tˠ
| tʲ
| t͡ʃ
| k
| colspan=2 | k
| c
| c
|-
|-
! Voiced
! voiced
| b
| b
| bˠ
| bʲ
| bʲ
| d
| d
| dˠ
| dʲ
| d͡ʒ
| g
| colspan=2 | g
| ɟ
| ɟ
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | fricative
! Unvoiced
! unvoiced
| f
| f
| fˠ
| fʲ
| fʲ
| s, θ͇
| s
| sˠ
| ʃ
| ʃ
| h
| x
| x
| ç
| ç
|-
|-
! Voiced
! voiced
| v
| v
| vˠ
| vʲ
| vʲ
|  
| z
|  
| ʒ
|  
| ɣ
|  
| j
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | approximant
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
| r, l
| ɾ, ɫ
| rˠ, lˠ
| ɾʲ, ʎ
| rʲ, ʎ
| colspan=2 | j
| colspan=3 | j
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 126: Line 167:
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | front
! colspan=2 | Back
! colspan=2 | back
|-
|-
! Unround
! short
! Round
! long
! short
! long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ
| i
| i
|  
| ɤ
| u
| u
|-
|-
! Near-High
! Mid
| ɪ
| ɛ
| rowspan=2 | ɤ
|  
|-
! Mid-High
| e
| e
| ɔ
| o
| o
|-
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ʌ
| ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
|
| ə
| ɑ
| ɑ
| ɒ
|-
|-
|}
|}


Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.
===Prosody===
Stress has shifted significantly since Old Norse, instead being placed on the first long vowel in a word, if none exist, then it's placed on the first short vowel.
 
Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.
==Mutation==
Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.
 
Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon|miùichin}} /ˈmʲu.çəɲ/) and [[w:eclipsis|eclipsis]] ({{l|snon|sfartin}} /ˈsɸəɾ.təɲ/). Originally these were a series of sandhi effects: lenition being caused by a consonant being intervocalic, and eclipsis caused by a consonant following a nasal (as in "lan", older "land"). Lenition also affects vowel initial words in the form of h-prothesis, though occasionally a "lenited" vowel-initial word will take {{l|snon|dh'}}, a borrowing from Gàidhlig.
 
===Lenition===
Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature.
 
Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/.


Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)
Word-internal lenition is common, but isn't grammaticalized, unlike word-final lenition which has been grammaticalized through certain inflected forms (eg. {{l|snon|Gud}}, but ''Guedh'' in the dative).
*Word finally
*Before a fricative (S and H)
*In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.


===Prosody===
===Eclipsis===
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in ''alm'' > ''n'alm''.
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhrø̀jr'' is stressed on "ø̀")


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
(updated up to "cn")
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! Phoneme
! Examples 
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''b'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/b/}}
| {{l|snon|banh}} {{IPA|/ˈbəz/}}, {{l|snon|bògh}} {{IPA|/ˈbo(ɣ)/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel, or finally
| {{l|snon|brìa}} {{IPA|/ˈbɾiə̯/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/bj/}}
| {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| colspan=2 | between vowels, sometimes
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{l|snon|siubhal}} {{IPA|/ˈʃu.əɫ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | finally, sometimes
| none
| {{l|snon|dubh}} {{IPA|/dɤ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | usually
| broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/v/}}
| {{l|snon|bhadhìs}} {{IPA|/və.ˈiʃ /}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/vj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/c/}}
| {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/x/}}
| {{l|snon|loch}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔx/}}, {{l|snon|Fràch}} {{IPA|/ˈfɾɑx/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ç/}}
| {{l|snon|loech}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔç/}}, {{l|snon|dìchial}} {{IPA|/ˈdi.çəɫ/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| {{IPA|/xk/}}
| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}, {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| {{IPA|/kɾ/}}
| {{l|snon|cnà}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɑ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|cadal}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰat̪əl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|fada}} {{IPA|/ˈfat̪ə/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|diùid}} {{IPA|/tʲuːtʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɛɾak/}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''dh'''
| rowspan="3" | broad
| rowspan="2" | between vowels
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|odhar}} {{IPA|/ˈo.ər/}}, {{lang|gd|cladhadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰl̪ˠɤ.əɣ/}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|{{lang|gd|modhail}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔɣal/}}
|-
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|dhà}} {{IPA|/ɣaː/}}, {{lang|gd|modh}} {{IPA|/mɔɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|tumadh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰuməɣ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| between vowels
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|Gàidheal}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛː.əl̪ˠ/}}
|-
| elsewhere
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| {{lang|gd|dhìth}} {{IPA|/ʝiː/}}, {{lang|gd|dhìol}} {{IPA|/ʝiəl̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|gafann}} {{IPA|/ˈkafən̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|fios}} {{IPA|/fis̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fèill}} {{IPA|/feːʎ/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| {{lang|gd|fiùran}} {{IPA|/ˈfjuːɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|feòl}} {{IPA|/fjɔːl̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''fh'''
|colspan=2 | usual
|none
| {{lang|gd|fhios}} {{IPA|/is̪/}}, {{lang|gd|a fharadh}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾəɣ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | exceptionally
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|gd|fhathast}} {{IPA|/ha.əs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fhèin}} {{IPA|/heːn/}}, {{lang|gd|fhuair}} {{IPA|/huəɾʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{lang|gd|gad}} {{IPA|/kat̪/}}, {{lang|gd|ugan}} {{IPA|/ˈukan/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|gille}} {{IPA|/ˈkʲiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|leig}} {{IPA|/ʎekʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | finally, sometimes
| none*
| {{lang|gd|an-diugh}} {{IPA|/əɲˈtʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|nigh}} {{IPA|/ɲiː/}}
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| {{IPA|/./}}*
| {{lang|gd|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈɤː.ɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|fiughar}} {{IPA|/ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|nigheann}} {{IPA|/ˈɲiː.an̪ˠ/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|{{lang|gd|laghail}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠɤɣal/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo ghoc}} {{IPA|/mə ɣɔʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|lagh}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɤɣ/}}
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo ghille}} {{IPA|/mə ʝiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ə hɤj/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| {{IPA|/kr/}}
| {{lang|gd|gnè}} {{IPA|/kɾʲɛː/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''h'''
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|gd|a h-athair}} {{IPA|/ə hahɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|Hearach}} {{IPA|/ˈhɛɾəx/}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|lachan}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaxən/}}, {{lang|gd|a laoidh}} {{IPA|/ə l̪ˠɯj/}}, {{lang|gd|balach}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠəx/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| {{lang|gd|leabaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʎepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|leum}} {{IPA|/ʎeːm/}}
|-
| initially, lenited
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{lang|gd|dà leabaidh}} {{IPA|/t̪aː lepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho leac}} {{IPA|/vɔ lɛʰk/}}
|-
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|cuilean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰulan/}}, {{lang|gd|sùil}} {{IPA|/s̪uːl/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|balla}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠə/}}, {{lang|gd|ciall}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiəl̪ˠ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| {{lang|gd|cailleach}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaʎəx/}}, {{lang|gd|mill}} {{IPA|/miːʎ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}}
| {{lang|gd|maol}} {{IPA|/mɯːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|màla}} {{IPA|/ˈmaːl̪ˠə/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmilɪʃ/}}, {{lang|gd|tìm}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːm/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/mj/}}
| {{lang|gd|meall}} {{IPA|/mjaul̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|meòg}} {{IPA|/mjɔːk/}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | between vowels, sometimes
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|comhairle}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰo.əɾlə/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/v/}}
| {{lang|gd|àmhainn}} {{IPA|/ˈaːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|caomh}} {{IPA|/kʰɯːv/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|caoimhin}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɯːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|làimh}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaiv/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/vj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do mhealladh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈvjal̪ˠəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|dà mheall}} {{IPA|/t̪aː vjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=7 | '''n'''
| rowspan=3 | broad
| initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠaːpi/}}, {{lang|gd|norrag}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠɔrˠak/}}
|-
| initially, lenited
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo nàire}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈnaːɾʲɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈnaːpɪ/}}
|-
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|dona}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔnə/}}, {{lang|gd|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃɛn/}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|neul}} {{IPA|/ɲial̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}
|-
| initially, lenited
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo nighean}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈni.an/}}, {{lang|gd|dà nead}} {{IPA|/t̪aː nɛt̪/}}
|-
| elsewhere, after back vowel
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɯɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|càineadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːɲəɣ/}}
|-
| elsewhere, after front vowel
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|cana}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰanə/}}, {{lang|gd|teine}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲenə/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ng'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
| {{lang|gd|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲɛŋɡə/}}, {{lang|gd|fulang}} {{IPA|/ˈful̪ˠəŋɡ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ŋʲɡʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|aingeal}} {{IPA|/ˈaiŋʲɡʲəl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|farsaing}} {{IPA|/ˈfaɾs̪ɪŋʲɡʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|ceannaich}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲan̪ˠɪç/}}, {{lang|gd|ann}} {{IPA|/aun̪ˠ/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|bainne}} {{IPA|/ˈpaɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|tinn}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːɲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | broad </br>slender not before back vowel
| initially or after consonant
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|post}} {{IPA|/pʰɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|campa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaumpə/}}, {{lang|gd|peasair}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰes̪ɪɾʲ/}},
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰp/}}
| {{lang|gd|cupa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuʰpə/}}, {{lang|gd|cipean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲiʰpan/}} 
|-
| finally after vowel
| {{lang|gd|cuip}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuiʰp/}}
|-
| finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| {{lang|gd|ailp}} {{IPA|/alp/}}
|-
| slender before back vowel
| after consonant, or initially
| {{IPA|/pʰj/}}
| {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|peall}} {{IPA|/pʰjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{lang|gd|sa phost}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bho phàiste}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈfaːʃtʲə/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|dà pheasair}} {{IPA|/t̪aː ˈfes̪ɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|mo pheata}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfɛʰt̪ə/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo phiuthar}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|sa pheann}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fjaun̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|ràmh}} {{IPA|/rˠaːv/}}, {{lang|gd|rionnag}} {{IPA|/ˈrˠun̪ˠak/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | initially, lenited
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| {{lang|gd|do rùn}} {{IPA|/tɔ ɾuːn/}}, {{lang|gd|bho rèic}} {{IPA|/vɔ ɾeːʰkʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| broad
| {{lang|gd|caran}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|mura}} {{IPA|/ˈmuɾə/}}
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|cìr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiːɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|cuireadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuɾʲəɣ/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''rr'''
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|cearr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲaːrˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|barra}} {{IPA|/ˈparˠə/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| {{IPA|/ɾʃt̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bord}} {{IPA|/pɔːɾʃt̪/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/s̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|sàr}} {{IPA|/s̪aːɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|casan}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰas̪an/}}
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{lang|gd|siùcair}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|càise}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːʃə/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|gd|ro shalach}} {{IPA|/ɾɔ ˈhal̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shoilleir}} {{IPA|/kleː ˈhɤʎɪɾʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|dà shìl}} {{IPA|/t̪aː hiːʎ/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shean}} {{IPA|/kleː hɛn/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|de shiùcair}} {{IPA|/tʲe ˈhjuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|a sheòladh}} {{IPA|/ə ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəɣ/}}
|-
| colspan=3 | '''sr, str'''
| {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾ/}}
| {{lang|gd|sràc}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾaːʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|strì}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾʲiː/}}
|-
| rowspan=8 | '''t'''
| rowspan=4 | broad
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tasdan}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰas̪t̪an/}}, {{lang|gd|molta}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔl̪ˠt̪ə/}}
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰt̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|bàta}} {{IPA|/ˈpaːʰt̪ə/}}
|-
| finally, after vowel
| {{lang|gd|put}} {{IPA|/pʰuʰt̪/}}
|-
| finally, after consonant
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/tʰʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tiugh}} {{IPA|/tʰʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaiʎtʲə/}}
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰtʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|litir}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰtʲɪɾʲ/}}
|-
| finally, after vowel
| {{lang|gd|cait}} {{IPA|/kʰɛʰtʲ/}}
|-
| finally, after consonant
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|ailt}} {{IPA|/altʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| none
| {{lang|gd|teth}} {{IPA|/tʰʲe/}}, {{lang|gd|leth}} {{IPA|/ʎe/}}, {{lang|gd|strath}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾa/}}
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|leotha}} {{IPA|/ˈlɔ.ə/}}, {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|cnòthan}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɔː.ən/}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/h/}}
|{{lang|gd|beatha}} {{IPA|/ˈpɛhə/}}, {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|a mhàthair}} {{IPA|/ə ˈvaːhɪɾʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | initially
| broad
| {{lang|gd|mo thòn}} {{IPA|/mɔ hɔːn/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ hɤʝ/}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|thig}} {{IPA|/hikʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|ro thinn}} {{IPA|/rˠɔ hiːɲ/}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do theaghlach}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè thiugh}} {{IPA|/kleː hju/}}
|-
|}
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
====Strong nouns====
 
A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.
*red: the ending.
*blue: the mutation.
*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)
*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
 
Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
=====Masculines=====
The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|alm}} ("elm tree")
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| a
| ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| alm
| alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| angh
| al<span style="color:red">z</span>
| almh
|-
! dative
| velph
| velph<span style="color:red">u</span>
| a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
| angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
| a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
| almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm
| hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>angh
| hiz al<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>almh
|-
! dative
| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}
 
While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.
 
The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.
 
Nouns from Scottish and Irish tend to instead take {{l|snon|-an}} for the direct plural, after the regular plural in Scottish.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|día}} ("god")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|}} ("")
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| día
| díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
|
|
|-
! genitive
| día<span style="color:red">s</span>
| día
| loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
| loch
|
|
|-
! dative
| día
| díath<span style="color:red">u</span>
| lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
| loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía
| hìnhar díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
| hi loch
| hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
| hi
| hìnhar
|-
! genitive
| hiz día<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ía
| hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh loch
| hiz
| hionh
|-
! dative
| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>íath<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình
| hìnhu
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
Other than the ''-an'' plural, all nouns follow roughly the same pattern, with some variation between depending on the environment. This makes Scots Norse stunningly regular, to a point largely unseen for a Germanic language, especially one that preserves so much of the declension system.
 
====Adjectives====
Adjectives act much like nouns, to the point the two are often used as each other (eg. "sèl" being used as the noun "happiness"). Also like nouns, adjectives dropped the definite (weak) forms, which greatly simplified the adjective declensions.
{{inflection-table-top|title=Regular adjective (sèl)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! positive
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nominative
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
| sèl
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| sèl<span style="color:red">sh</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
|-
! dative
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>E</sup>
| sèl <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
| class=separator colspan=4 |
|-
! comparative
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nom./gen.
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! dative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">uru</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
| class=separator colspan=4 |
|-
! superlative
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nominative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
|-
! genitive
| sèl<span style="color:red">asts</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
|-
! dative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span> <sup>E</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ustu</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
 
====Pronouns====
The personal pronouns have largely simplified from Old Norse, with case essentially lost in them. The modern plural forms seem to descend from the old dual (as in Icelandic and Faroese), thus only a singular/plural distinction is made. The reflexive pronoun has largely been lost, only preserved in the form of {{l|snon|-sc}}, which is used to form the reflexive voice.
 
The suffix forms are largely only used colloquially on verbs for person and number marking (eg. "I speak" is "mèlirg" in colloquial Scots Norse). These suffixes are far more common in Eastern Scots Norse than Western.
{{inflection-table-top|title=Personal pronouns|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | plain
! colspan=2 | emphatic
! rowspan=2 | possessive
|-
! plain
! suffix
! plain
! suffix
|-
! rowspan=4 | sg.
! colspan=2 | 1st
| {{l|snon|mic}}
| {{l|snon|-g}}
| {{l|snon|mìnhich}}
| {{l|snon|-ich}}
| {{l|snon|mì}} <sup>E</sup>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| {{l|snon|tic}}
| {{l|snon|-ch}}
| {{l|snon|tìda}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|-ta}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|tì}} <sup>E</sup>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! ''m''
| {{l|snon|ha}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|haza}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a|-(z)a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|haz}}
|-
! ''f''
| {{l|snon|hành}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|-anh}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|henha}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a|-(nh)a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|henhar}}
|-
! rowspan=4 | pl.
! colspan=2 | 1st
| {{l|snon|och}}
| {{l|snon|-ach}}
| {{l|snon|ochuith}}
| {{l|snon|-uith}}
| {{l|snon|ochar}}
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| {{l|snon|uech}}
| {{l|snon|-uech}}
| {{l|snon|uechith}}
| {{l|snon|-tith}}
| {{l|snon|uechar}}
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| {{l|snon|tèr}}
| {{l|snon|-ti}}
| {{l|snon|tèrthir}}
| {{l|snon|-thir}}
| {{l|snon|tèor}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
 
===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.
 
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| til<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| til<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| til<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| til<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| til<span style="color:red">az</span>
| til<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| til<span style="color:red">enh</span>
| til<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| til<span style="color:red">ach</span>
| til<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| til<span style="color:red">ich</span>
| til<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| til<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| til<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| vid<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| vid<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| vid<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| vid<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| vid<span style="color:red">az</span>
| vid<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| vid<span style="color:red">enh</span>
| vid<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| vid<span style="color:red">ach</span>
| vid<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| vid<span style="color:red">ich</span>
| vid<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| vid<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| vid<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
 
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
 
 
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=3 |
! plain
! emphatic
|-
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! class=secondary | ''m''
| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=secondary | ''f''
| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
! colspan=2 | 1st
| anh<span style="color:red">ach</span>
| anh<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| anh<span style="color:red">ich</span>
| anh<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
 
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.
=====Class 1=====
 
=====Class 2=====
The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.
=====Class 3=====
 
=====Class 4=====
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
=====Class 5=====
! class=outer colspan=2 |
=====Class 6=====
! present
=====Class 7=====
! past
====Weak verbs====
! future
====Suppletive verbs====
! conditional
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | imp.
| tàl
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
! conditional
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | imp.
| mèl
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
! conditional
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | imp.
| àgh
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
====''i-''negatives====
This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
! conditional
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
| bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>
| bìth<span style="color:red">a</span>
| bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span>
| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | imp.
| bì
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
! conditional
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
| vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>
| vèr<span style="color:red">a</span>
| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span>
| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
|-
! class=secondary | cond.
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | imp.
| vèr
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span>
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Word order===
Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
#Preverbal particle(s)
#Verb
#Postverbal particle(s)
#Subject
#Preposition(s) (usually)
#Direct object or predicate adjective
#Indirect object
An example:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
| èthir mic hi màth.
| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
| I eat the food.
}}
Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì
|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS
|
}}
===Questions and answers===
Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?
| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg
| Will you speak with me?
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
| ègh
| NEG
| I won't
}}
Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?
| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP
| Will you eat dinner with me?
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6
| ghià!
| AFF
| I will!
}}
As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".
==="To be"===
====Existential ''bì''====
Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|bì'ir Gud
|EXIST.PRES God.DIR
|God exists
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh
|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT
|the apples are on the table
}}
''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
====Copulative ''vèr''====
The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)
|vèrir mic sèl
|COP.PRES 1sg happy
|I am happy
}}
"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"
:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)
|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz
|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M
|He is happy
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)
|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh
|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F
|She is beautiful
}}
===Evidentiality===
Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.
The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|crevhir me màth
|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR
|humans require food
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|crevhir bìthich me màth
|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR
|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)
}}
The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù
|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR
|the dog has healed (and I saw it)
}}
The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT
|they went to church (so I was told)
}}
To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh
|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT
|he went home
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh
|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
|(I saw that) he went home
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
|(I was told that) he went home
}}
==Texts==
==Texts==
===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
'''Original (English)''':
:'''Original (English)'''
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
==Lexical comparison==
 
==Lexical comparison==
:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
 
:'''Scots Norse'''
vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.
:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
 
===The Cold Winter is Near===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Scots Norse
!
! English
|-
| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.
| &emsp;
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.
|-
| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.
|-
| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!
|-
| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.
|-
| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.
|-
| ò, 's sùp varm!
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
===Phrasebook===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Scots Norse
! English
! Usage notes
|-
| {{l|snon|velcùmha}}
| welcome
| style="font-style:italic;" |
|-
| {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl)
| good morning
| rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender
|-
| {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl)
| good evening
|-
| {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl)
| good day, (formal) hello
|-
| {{l|snon|farvel}}
| farewell, goodbye
|-
| {{l|snon|halò}}
| hello, hi
| rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual
|-
| {{l|snon|bái}}
| (good)bye
|-
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! Scots Norse
! English
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?
| what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what name have you?")''</small>
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}
| my name is... <small>''(lit. "I have the name...")''</small>
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?
| how are you?
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?
| I am [adj], and you?
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?
| where are you from?
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...
| I am from...
|}
 
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
!1
|{{l|snon|è}}
|-
!2
|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
|-
!3
|{{l|snon|trì}}
|-
!4
|{{l|snon|fiòer}}
|-
!5
|{{l|snon|fi}}
|-
!6
|{{l|snon|siach}}
|-
!7
|{{l|snon|siò}}
|-
!8
|{{l|snon|àth}}
|-
!9
|{{l|snon|niù}}
|-
!10
|{{l|snon|tiù}}
|-
!11
|{{l|snon|eliovh}}
|-
!12
|{{l|snon|tòlv}}
|-
|}
===Colors===
===Time===
===Lexical comparison===
====Leipzig-Jakarta====
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
Line 205: Line 2,051:
| fire
| fire
| eldr
| eldr
| elde /ˈœd͡ʒ/
| {{l|snon|eld}}
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
Line 212: Line 2,058:
| nose
| nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nos /ˈnˠɔs/
| {{l|snon|nas}}
| nös
| nös
| nas
| nas
Line 219: Line 2,065:
| to go
| to go
| ganga
| ganga
| gogg /ˈɡɔɡ/
| {{l|snon|gangh}}
| ganga
| ganga
| gånga
| gånga
Line 226: Line 2,072:
| water
| water
| vatn
| vatn
| vànn /ˈvon/
| {{l|snon|vat}}
| vatn
| vatn
| vatten
| vatten
|-
|-
|5
|5
| mouth
| mouth (body)</br>(river)
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| munnr</br>mynni
| (body) munne /ˈmˠɤɲ/</br>(river) mynni /ˈmi.ɲɪ/
| {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}}
|  
| munnur</br>mynni
| mun</br>mynne
|-
|-
|6
|6
| tongue
| tongue
| tunga
| tunga
| tugg /ˈtˠɤɡ/
| {{l|snon|tung}}
| tunga
| tunga
|-
|-
|7
|7
| blood
| blood
| blóð
| blóð
| blòdh /ˈblˠo(ː)/
| {{l|snon|blòd}}
| blóð
| blod
|-
|-
|8
|8
| bone
| bone
| bein
| bein
| bèn /ˈbʲen/
| {{l|snon|bè}}
| bein
| ben
|-
|-
|9
|9
| 2sg pronoun (you)
| 2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þú
| tù /ˈtˠu/
| {{l|snon|tù}}
| þú
| du
|-
|-
|10
|10
| root
| root
| rót
| rót
| ròt /ˈrˠotʰ/
| {{l|snon|ròt}}
| rót
| rot
|-
|-
|11
|11
| to come (move)
| to come (move)
| koma
| koma
| komm /ˈkʰɔm/
| {{l|snon|cùmh}}
| koma
| komma
|-
|-
|12
|12
| breast
| breast
| brjóst
| brjóst
| briòst /ˈbrʲos(tʰ)/
| {{l|snon|briòst}}
| brjóst
| bröst
|-
|-
|13
|13
| rain
| rain
| regn
| regn
| regn /ˈrʲɛi̯n/
| {{l|snon|reg}}
| regn
| regn
|-
|-
|14
|14
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| /ɛkʰ/
| {{l|snon|mic}}
| èg
| jag
|-
|-
|15
|15
| name
| name
| nafn
| nafn
| nàvn /ˈnou̯n/
| {{l|snon|nav}}
| nafn
| namn
|-
|-
|16
|16
| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|  
| lús
|  
| {{l|snon|lùs}}
|  
| lús
| lus
|-
|-
|17
|17
| wing
| wing
|  
| vængr
|  
| {{l|snon|vèngh}}
|  
| vængur
| vinge
|-
|-
|18
|18
| flesh/meat
| flesh/meat
|  
| hold
|  
| {{l|snon|hold}}
|  
| hold
| hull
|-
|-
|19
|19
| arm/hand
| arm/hand
|  
| armr, hǫnd
|  
| {{l|snon|arm}}, {{l|snon|han}}
|  
| armur, hönd
| arm, hand
|-
|-
|20
|20
| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|  
| fluga
|  
| {{l|snon|flùgh}}
|  
| fluga
| fluga
|-
|-
|21
|21
| night (time)
| night (time)
| nátt
| nátt
| nàtt /ˈnotʰ/
| {{l|snon|nàt}}
| nátt, nótt
| natt
|-
|-
|22
|22
| ear
| ear
|  
| eyra
|  
| {{l|snon|or}}
|  
| eyra
| ör(a)
|-
|-
|23
|23
| neck
| neck
|  
| hals
|  
| {{l|snon|hàls}}
|  
| háls
| hals
|-
|-
|24
|24
| far (prep.)
| far (prep.)
|  
| fjarri
|  
| {{l|snon|fiaer}}
|  
| fjarri
| fjärran
|-
|-
|25
|25
| to do/make
| to do/make
|  
| gera
|  
| {{l|snon|gèor}}
|  
| gera, gjöra
| göra
|-
|-
|26
|26
| house/structure
| house/structure
|  
| hús
|  
| {{l|snon|hùs}}
|  
| hús
| hus
|-
|-
|27
|27
Line 366: Line 2,245:
| to say
| to say
| tala
| tala
| tall /ˈtal/
| {{l|snon|tàl}}
| tala
| tala
|-
|-
|30
|30
Line 389: Line 2,270:
| one (number)
| one (number)
| einn
| einn
| èn /ˈẽ/
| {{l|snon|è}}
| einn
| en
|-
|-
|34
|34
Line 398: Line 2,281:
|-
|-
|35
|35
| 3sg pronoun (they)
| 3sg pronoun (they) (m)</br>(f)</br>(n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat
| han (m) /ˈhã/</br>hòn (f) /ˈxõ/</br>that (n) /ˈtatʰ/
| {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}}
| hann</br>hún, hón
| han</br>hon
|-
|-
|36
|36
Line 423: Line 2,308:
| this (pron.)
| this (pron.)
| sá
| sá
| sà /ˈsˠo/
| {{l|snon|tesh}}
| sá
| det
|-
|-
|40
|40
| fish
| fish
| fiskr
| fiskr
| fiske /ˈfʲɪsc/
| {{l|snon|fisc}}
| fiskur
| fisk
|-
|-
|41
|41
Line 438: Line 2,327:
|42
|42
| to drink
| to drink
|  
| drekka
|  
| {{l|snon|drech}}
|  
| drekka
| dricka
|-
|-
|43
|43
| black (color)
| black (color)
|  
| svartr
|  
| {{l|snon|sfart}}
|  
| svartur
| svart
|-
|-
|44
|44
Line 522: Line 2,413:
|56
|56
| not (adj./adv.)
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi
| ègi /ˈe.ʝɪ~ˈeɪ̯/</br>(verbal) -et /(ʲ)tʰ/
| {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}
| eigi, ei, ekki
| ej, icke
|-
|-
|57
|57
| good
| good
|  
| góðr
|  
| {{l|snon|gòdh}}
|  
| góður
| god
|-
|-
|58
|58
| to know
| to know
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
| kunn /ˈkʰɤn/</br>(a person) kenn /ˈcʰɛn/
| {{l|snon|cunh}}
| kunna
| kunna
|-
|-
|59
|59
Line 591: Line 2,487:
|-
|-
|68
|68
| skin/hide
| skin/hide (animal)</br>(general)
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr</br> skinn, húð
| felde /ˈfʲœd͡ʒ/ (animal)</br> skinn /ˈscɪɲ/ (general)</br>hùdh /ˈxu/
| {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}
| feldur
| fäll
|-
|-
|69
|69
Line 627: Line 2,525:
|74
|74
| old
| old
|  
| gamall
|  
| {{l|snon|ald}}
|  
| gamall
| gammal
|-
|-
|75
|75
| to eat
| to eat
| eta
| eta
| jatt /ˈjatʰ/
| {{l|snon|èth}}
| eta, éta
| äta
|-
|-
|76
|76
Line 699: Line 2,600:
| dog
| dog
| hundr</br>rakki
| hundr</br>rakki
| hudde /ˈxɤd͡ʒ/ (archaic)</br>rakki /ˈra.cɪ/
| {{l|snon|hun}}</br>{{l|snon|raech}}</br>{{l|snon|cù}}
| hundur</br>rakki
| hundur</br>rakki
| hund</br>rakka
| hund</br>rakka
Line 742: Line 2,643:
| bird
| bird
| fugl
| fugl
| fugl /ˈfˠɯl/
| {{l|snon|fùghl}}
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
|-
|-
|94
|94
Line 771: Line 2,674:
| in
| in
| í
| í
| ì /i, ɪ/
| {{l|snon|i}}
| í
| i
|-
|-
|99
|99
Line 786: Line 2,691:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==See also==
*[[Scots Norse/Agharsc|This page in Scots Norse]]
*[[:Category:Scots Norse lemmas|Scots Norse dictionary]]


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Line 791: Line 2,700:
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Scots Norse language]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Scots_Norse"