Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
|nation=Scotland | |nation=Scotland | ||
|speakers=(L1) 2, | |speakers=(L1) 2,500 | ||
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000 | |speakers2=(L2) < 50,000 | ||
|date= | |date=2020 | ||
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg | |map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg | ||
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' | |mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w: | Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]]. | ||
Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse. | Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse. | ||
Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc | Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar. | Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar. | ||
==Development== | |||
The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists. | |||
===Pre-Scots Norse=== | |||
This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse | |||
*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | |||
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. | |||
*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/ | |||
*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/ | |||
*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r | |||
*/ɣ/ > /g/ | |||
*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/) | |||
*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | |||
*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/ | |||
*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels | |||
*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways) | |||
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ | |||
===Sudrey Norse=== | |||
Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language. | |||
*development of slender/broad/plain distinction | |||
*front round vowels break to /jV/ | |||
*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/ | |||
*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/ | |||
*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | |||
*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending. | |||
*unstressed vowels to /ə/. | |||
*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup> | |||
===Modern Scots Norse=== | |||
*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/. | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/ | |||
*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds | |||
**lenition: from being intervocalic | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ɟə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|àegh}} /ˈɑj/ | |||
**eclipsis: from nasal clusters | |||
*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination. | |||
*several palatalized sounds shift: | |||
**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/ | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning. | Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning. | ||
Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon| | Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon|miùichin}} /ˈmʲu.çəɲ/) and [[w:eclipsis|eclipsis]] ({{l|snon|sfartin}} /ˈsɸəɾ.təɲ/). Originally these were a series of sandhi effects: lenition being caused by a consonant being intervocalic, and eclipsis caused by a consonant following a nasal (as in "lan", older "land"). Lenition also affects vowel initial words in the form of h-prothesis, though occasionally a "lenited" vowel-initial word will take {{l|snon|dh'}}, a borrowing from Gàidhlig. | ||
===Lenition=== | ===Lenition=== | ||
Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature. | Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature. | ||
Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/. | Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/. | ||
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===Eclipsis=== | ===Eclipsis=== | ||
Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in '' | Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in ''alm'' > ''n'alm''. | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
(updated to " | (updated up to "cn") | ||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | ||
! colspan=5 | Consonants | ! colspan=5 | Consonants | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| before back vowel | | before back vowel | ||
| {{IPA|/ | | {{IPA|/bj/}} | ||
| {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}} | | {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}} | | {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=2 | '''c''' | ||
| | | colspan=2 | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/k/}} | | {{IPA|/k/}} | ||
| {{ | | {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | colspan=2 | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/c/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ | | {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}} | ||
| {{ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''ch''' | | rowspan=2 | '''ch''' | ||
| colspan=2 | broad | | colspan=2 | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/x/}} | | {{IPA|/x/}} | ||
| {{ | | {{l|snon|loch}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔx/}}, {{l|snon|Fràch}} {{IPA|/ˈfɾɑx/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | slender | | colspan=2 | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ç/}} | | {{IPA|/ç/}} | ||
| {{ | | {{l|snon|loech}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔç/}}, {{l|snon|dìchial}} {{IPA|/ˈdi.çəɫ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | '''chd''' | | colspan=3 | '''chd''' | ||
| {{IPA|/xk/}} | | {{IPA|/xk/}} | ||
| {{ | | {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}, {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | '''cn''' | | colspan=3 | '''cn''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ | | {{IPA|/kɾ/}} | ||
| {{ | | {{l|snon|cnà}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɑ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''d''' | | rowspan=2 | '''d''' | ||
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Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite. | Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite. | ||
A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing. | |||
*red: the ending. | |||
*blue: the mutation. | |||
*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs) | |||
*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions) | |||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}. | Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}. | ||
Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers. | |||
=====Masculines===== | |||
The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern. | The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern. | ||
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | ||
! rowspan=3 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy") | ||
! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance") | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance") | ||
! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|alm}} ("elm tree") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | indefinite | ! colspan=2 | indefinite | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| | | ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp | ||
| | | velp<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| a | | a | ||
| | | ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| | | alm | ||
| | | alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| | | velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph | | ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph | ||
| a<span style="color:red">z</span> | | a<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span> | | hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp | ||
| hìnhar | | hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a | | hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a | ||
| hìnhar | | hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span> | | hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm | ||
| hìnhar | | hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| hiz | | hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph | | hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph | ||
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span> | | hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}} | ||
While both ''a'' and '' | While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal. | ||
The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case. | The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case. | ||
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{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | ||
! rowspan=3 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|día}} ("god") | ||
! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch") | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch") | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| | | día | ||
| | | díath<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
| loch | | loch | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| | | día<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| | | día | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| loch | | loch | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| | | día | ||
| | | díath<span style="color:red">u</span> | ||
| lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch | | lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía | ||
| hìnhar | | hìnhar díath<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
| hi loch | | hi loch | ||
| hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | | hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| hiz | | hiz día<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span> | | hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ía | ||
| hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | | hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| hionh loch | | hionh loch | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía | ||
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>íath<span style="color:red">u</span> | ||
| hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch | | hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch | ||
| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | | hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | ||
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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition   <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition   <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}} | ||
=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
{| | Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending. | ||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
! plain | |||
! emphatic | |||
|- | |- | ||
!2 | ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| til<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| til<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | til<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| til<span style="color:red">tìda</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | ! class=secondary | ''m'' | ||
| til<span style="color:red">az</span> | |||
| til<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! class=secondary | ''f'' | ||
| | | til<span style="color:red">enh</span> | ||
| til<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| til<span style="color:red">ach</span> | |||
| til<span style="color:red">achúith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | til<span style="color:red">ich</span> | ||
| til<span style="color:red">ichith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | | til<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| til<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | |||
|{{l|snon| | {{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
! plain | |||
! emphatic | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| vid<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 2nd | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">tìda</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | 3rd | |||
! class=secondary | ''m'' | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">az</span> | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | ''f'' | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">enh</span> | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | |||
! colspan=2 | 1st | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">ach</span> | |||
| vid<span style="color:red">achúith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | vid<span style="color:red">ich</span> | ||
| vid<span style="color:red">ichith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | | vid<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| vid<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | ||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
! plain | |||
! emphatic | |||
|- | |||
! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | |||
! colspan=2 | 1st | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 2nd | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span> | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title= | |- | ||
! class=outer colspan= | ! rowspan=2 | 3rd | ||
! | ! class=secondary | ''m'' | ||
! | | frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span> | ||
! | | frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! class=secondary | ''f'' | ||
| | | frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span> | ||
| | | frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| | | frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span> | ||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span> | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup> | |||
| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
! class= | ! plain | ||
! | ! emphatic | ||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | 3rd | ||
! class=secondary | ''m'' | |||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span> | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | ''f'' | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span> | ||
| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span> | |||
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span> | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | | ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | |||
| | |||
| | {{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
! plain | |||
! emphatic | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| i <span style="color: | | i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span> | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| i <span style="color: | | i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span> | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | 3rd | ||
! class=secondary | ''m'' | |||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span> | ||
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | ''f'' | ||
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
| i <span style="color: | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ach</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ich</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | | i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=3 | | |||
| | ! plain | ||
| | ! emphatic | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | 3rd | ||
! class=secondary | ''m'' | |||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span> | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | ''f'' | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span> | ||
| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| anh<span style="color:red">ach</span> | |||
| anh<span style="color:red">achúith</span> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:red">ich</span> | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:red">ichith</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | 3rd | ||
| | | anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span> | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis <sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun. | |||
The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2. | |||
| | |||
{{ | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! class=outer colspan=2 | | ! class=outer colspan=2 | | ||
| Line 1,233: | Line 1,180: | ||
! past | ! past | ||
! future | ! future | ||
! conditional | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | ! colspan=2 | infinitive | ||
| | | tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>) | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | participle | ! colspan=2 | participle | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">in</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">a</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| class=separator colspan=9 | | | class=separator colspan=9 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
! colspan= | ! colspan=2 | positive | ||
! colspan | ! colspan=2 | negative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | personal | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | impersonal | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | personal | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | impersonal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | ind. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | imp. | |||
| tàl | |||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
|- | |||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=2 | | |||
! present | |||
! past | |||
! future | |||
! conditional | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | |||
| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>) | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span> | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | participle | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span> | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span> | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span> | |||
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
|- | |||
| class=separator colspan=9 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | positive | |||
! colspan=2 | negative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | personal | ||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
| | ! class=secondary | personal | ||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | ind. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è | |||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | |- | ||
| è | ! colspan=2 | imp. | ||
| è | | mèl | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
{{snon | {{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! class=outer colspan=2 | | |||
==== | ! present | ||
! past | |||
! future | |||
! conditional | |||
==== | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | |||
| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>) | |||
" | | àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
== | | àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span> | ||
=== | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | participle | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
|- | |||
| class=separator colspan=9 | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | positive | |||
! colspan=2 | negative | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | ind. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | imp. | |||
| àgh | |||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh | |||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
|- | |||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | |||
====''i-''negatives==== | |||
This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below. | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=2 | | |||
{{ | ! present | ||
| | ! past | ||
| | ! future | ||
| | ! conditional | ||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | |||
=== | | bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>) | ||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span> | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
| | | bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span> | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | participle | ||
| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span> | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">a</span> | |||
| | | bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span> | ||
| | | bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span> | ||
| | |- | ||
}} | | class=separator colspan=9 | | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | positive | |||
! colspan=2 | negative | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | ind. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | imp. | |||
| bì | |||
| bì<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
|- | |||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | |||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | |||
! class=outer colspan=2 | | |||
| | ! present | ||
| | ! past | ||
| | ! future | ||
! conditional | |||
|- | |||
| | ! colspan=2 | infinitive | ||
| | | vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>) | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span> | ||
| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | participle | |||
===" | | vèr<span style="color:red">in</span> | ||
==== | | vèr<span style="color:red">a</span> | ||
| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span> | |||
|- | |||
| | | class=separator colspan=9 | | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
}} | ! colspan=2 | positive | ||
! colspan=2 | negative | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
! class=secondary | personal | |||
! class=secondary | impersonal | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | ind. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | |||
! class=secondary | pres. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | past | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | fut. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! class=secondary | cond. | |||
| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | imp. | |||
| vèr | |||
| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr | |||
| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span> | |||
|- | |||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | ==Syntax== | ||
| | ===Word order=== | ||
| | Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is: | ||
#Preverbal particle(s) | |||
#Verb | |||
#Postverbal particle(s) | |||
#Subject | |||
#Preposition(s) (usually) | |||
#Direct object or predicate adjective | |||
#Indirect object | |||
An example: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
| èthir mic hi màth. | |||
| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR | |||
| I eat the food. | |||
}} | }} | ||
Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building"). | |||
Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower". | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | |{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì | ||
| | |⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
===Questions and answers=== | |||
Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì? | |||
| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg | |||
| Will you speak with me? | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (3.1)|indent=6 | |||
| ègh | |||
| NEG | |||
| I won't | |||
}} | |||
" | Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in: | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic? | |||
| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP | |||
| Will you eat dinner with me? | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (4.1)|indent=6 | ||
| | | ghià! | ||
| | | AFF | ||
| | | I will! | ||
}} | }} | ||
As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an". | |||
==="To be"=== | |||
====Existential ''bì''==== | |||
Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist". | |||
:''' | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
|bì'ir Gud | |||
: | |EXIST.PRES God.DIR | ||
|God exists | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh | |||
|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT | |||
|the apples are on the table | |||
}} | |||
''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in: | |||
== | ====Copulative ''vèr''==== | ||
{| | The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in: | ||
| | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8) | ||
|vèrir mic sèl | |||
| | |COP.PRES 1sg happy | ||
|I am happy | |||
}} | |||
"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher." | |||
When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense. | |||
| | :(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher" | ||
| | :(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher" | ||
| | |||
| | "in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it. | ||
| | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9) | ||
| | |vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz | ||
| | |COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M | ||
| | |He is happy | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10) | ||
| | |vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh | ||
| | |COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F | ||
| | |She is beautiful | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| to | ===Evidentiality=== | ||
| | Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct. | ||
| | |||
| | The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as: | ||
| | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
|crevhir me màth | |||
|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR | |||
|humans require food | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|crevhir bìthich me màth | |||
|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR | |||
|humans require food (and I ''know'' it) | |||
}} | |||
The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù | |||
|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR | |||
|the dog has healed (and I saw it) | |||
}} | |||
The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"): | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh | |||
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT | |||
|they went to church (so I was told) | |||
}} | |||
To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|he went home | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|(I saw that) he went home | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|(I was told that) he went home | |||
}} | |||
==Texts== | |||
===UDHR Article 1=== | |||
:'''Original (English)''' | |||
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | |||
:'''Old Norse (modern translation)''' | |||
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga. | |||
:'''Scots Norse''' | |||
vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh. | |||
:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood" | |||
===The Cold Winter is Near=== | |||
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Scots Norse | |||
! | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr. | |||
|   | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh. | ||
| | | | ||
| | | style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. | ||
| | |- | ||
| | | velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech! | ||
| | | | ||
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | vèrir tesh ètlin mhì. | ||
| | | | ||
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì! | ||
| | | | ||
| | | style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ò, 's sùp varm! | ||
| | | | ||
| | | style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! | ||
| | |} | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Phrasebook=== | |||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Scots Norse | |||
! English | |||
! Usage notes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|velcùmha}} | ||
| | | welcome | ||
| | | style="font-style:italic;" | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl) | ||
| | | good morning | ||
| | | rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl) | ||
| | | good evening | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl) | ||
| | | good day, (formal) hello | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|farvel}} | ||
| | | farewell, goodbye | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|halò}} | ||
| | | hello, hi | ||
| | | rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{l|snon|bái}} | ||
| | | (good)bye | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions | |||
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Scots Norse | |||
! English | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}? | ||
| | | what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what name have you?")''</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}} | ||
| | | my name is... <small>''(lit. "I have the name...")''</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}? | ||
| | | how are you? | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}? | ||
| | | I am [adj], and you? | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}? | ||
| | | where are you from? | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}... | ||
| | | I am from... | ||
| | |} | ||
| | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
!1 | |||
|{{l|snon|è}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !2 | ||
| | |{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!3 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|trì}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!4 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|fiòer}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!5 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|fi}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!6 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|siach}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!7 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|siò}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!8 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|àth}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!9 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|niù}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !10 | ||
| | |{{l|snon|tiù}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | !11 | ||
| | |{{l|snon|eliovh}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!12 | |||
| | |{{l|snon|tòlv}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
===Colors=== | |||
===Time=== | |||
===Lexical comparison=== | |||
| | ====Leipzig-Jakarta==== | ||
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Rank | |||
! English | |||
! Old Norse | |||
! Scots Norse | |||
! Icelandic | |||
! Swedish | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1 | ||
| | | fire | ||
| | | eldr | ||
| | | {{l|snon|eld}} | ||
| eldur | |||
| eld | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2 | ||
| | | nose | ||
| | | nǫs | ||
| | | {{l|snon|nas}} | ||
| | | nös | ||
| nas | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3 | ||
| | | to go | ||
| | | ganga | ||
| | | {{l|snon|gangh}} | ||
| | | ganga | ||
| gånga | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |4 | ||
| | | water | ||
| | | vatn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|vat}} | ||
| | | vatn | ||
| vatten | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |5 | ||
| | | mouth (body)</br>(river) | ||
| | | munnr</br>mynni | ||
| | | {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}} | ||
| munnur</br>mynni | |||
| mun</br>mynne | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |6 | ||
| | | tongue | ||
| | | tunga | ||
| | | {{l|snon|tung}} | ||
| tunga | |||
| tunga | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |7 | ||
| | | blood | ||
| | | blóð | ||
| | | {{l|snon|blòd}} | ||
| | | blóð | ||
| blod | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |8 | ||
| | | bone | ||
| | | bein | ||
| | | {{l|snon|bè}} | ||
| | | bein | ||
| ben | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |9 | ||
| | | 2sg pronoun (you) | ||
| | | þú | ||
| | | {{l|snon|tù}} | ||
| | | þú | ||
| du | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |10 | ||
| | | root | ||
| | | rót | ||
| | | {{l|snon|ròt}} | ||
| | | rót | ||
| rot | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |11 | ||
| to | | to come (move) | ||
| | | koma | ||
| | | {{l|snon|cùmh}} | ||
| | | koma | ||
| komma | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |12 | ||
| | | breast | ||
| | | brjóst | ||
| | | {{l|snon|briòst}} | ||
| | | brjóst | ||
| bröst | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |13 | ||
| | | rain | ||
| | | regn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|reg}} | ||
| | | regn | ||
| regn | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |14 | ||
| | | 1sg pronoun (I) | ||
| | | ek | ||
| | | {{l|snon|mic}} | ||
| | | èg | ||
| jag | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |15 | ||
| | | name | ||
| | | nafn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|nav}} | ||
| | | nafn | ||
| namn | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |16 | ||
| | | louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]]) | ||
| | | lús | ||
| | | {{l|snon|lùs}} | ||
| | | lús | ||
| lus | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |17 | ||
| | | wing | ||
| | | vængr | ||
| | | {{l|snon|vèngh}} | ||
| | | vængur | ||
| vinge | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |18 | ||
| | | flesh/meat | ||
| | | hold | ||
| | | {{l|snon|hold}} | ||
| | | hold | ||
| hull | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |19 | ||
| | | arm/hand | ||
| | | armr, hǫnd | ||
| | | {{l|snon|arm}}, {{l|snon|han}} | ||
| | | armur, hönd | ||
| arm, hand | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |20 | ||
| | | fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]]) | ||
| fluga | |||
| {{l|snon|flùgh}} | |||
| fluga | |||
| fluga | |||
|- | |||
|21 | |||
| night (time) | |||
| nátt | |||
| {{l|snon|nàt}} | |||
| nátt, nótt | |||
| natt | |||
|- | |||
|22 | |||
| ear | |||
| eyra | |||
| {{l|snon|or}} | |||
| eyra | |||
| ör(a) | |||
|- | |||
|23 | |||
| neck | |||
| hals | |||
| {{l|snon|hàls}} | |||
| háls | |||
| hals | |||
|- | |||
|24 | |||
| far (prep.) | |||
| fjarri | |||
| {{l|snon|fiaer}} | |||
| fjarri | |||
| fjärran | |||
|- | |||
|25 | |||
| to do/make | |||
| gera | |||
| {{l|snon|gèor}} | |||
| gera, gjöra | |||
| göra | |||
|- | |||
|26 | |||
| house/structure | |||
| hús | |||
| {{l|snon|hùs}} | |||
| hús | |||
| hus | |||
|- | |||
|27 | |||
| stone/rock (singular) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |28 | ||
| | | bitter | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |29 | ||
| | | to say | ||
| | | tala | ||
| | | {{l|snon|tàl}} | ||
| tala | |||
| tala | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |30 | ||
| | | tooth | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |31 | ||
| | | hair | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |32 | ||
| | | big | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |33 | ||
| | | one (number) | ||
| | | einn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|è}} | ||
| | | einn | ||
| en | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |34 | ||
| | | who? | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |35 | ||
| | | 3sg pronoun (they) (m)</br>(f)</br>(n) | ||
| | | hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat | ||
| | | {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}} | ||
| | | hann</br>hún, hón | ||
| han</br>hon | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |36 | ||
| | | to hit/beat | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |37 | ||
| | | leg/foot | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |38 | ||
| | | horn | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |39 | ||
| | | this (pron.) | ||
| sá | |||
| {{l|snon|tesh}} | |||
| sá | |||
| det | |||
|- | |||
|40 | |||
| fish | |||
| fiskr | |||
| {{l|snon|fisc}} | |||
| fiskur | |||
| fisk | |||
|- | |||
|41 | |||
| yesterday | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |42 | ||
| | | to drink | ||
| | | drekka | ||
| | | {{l|snon|drech}} | ||
| drekka | |||
| dricka | |||
|- | |||
|43 | |||
| black (color) | |||
| svartr | |||
| {{l|snon|sfart}} | |||
| svartur | |||
| svart | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |44 | ||
| | | navel | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |45 | ||
| to | | to stand | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |46 | ||
| | | to bite | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |47 | ||
| | | back (body) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |48 | ||
| | | wind | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |49 | ||
| | | smoke (substance) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |50 | ||
| | | what? | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |51 | ||
| | | child (kin term) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |52 | ||
| | | egg | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |53 | ||
| to | | to give | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |54 | ||
| | | new (adj.) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |55 | ||
| to | | to burn (intr.) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |56 | ||
| | | not (adj./adv.) | ||
| | | eigi | ||
| | | {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}} | ||
| | | eigi, ei, ekki | ||
| ej, icke | |||
|- | |||
|57 | |||
| good | |||
| góðr | |||
| {{l|snon|gòdh}} | |||
| góður | |||
| god | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |58 | ||
| | | to know | ||
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna | |||
| {{l|snon|cunh}} | |||
| kunna | |||
| kunna | |||
|- | |||
|59 | |||
| knee | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |60 | ||
| | | sand | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |61 | ||
| | | to laugh | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |62 | ||
| to hear | |||
| to | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |63 | ||
| | | soil | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |64 | ||
| | | leaf | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|65 | |||
| red (color) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |66 | ||
| | | liver (organ) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |67 | ||
| | | to hide | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |68 | ||
| | | skin/hide (animal)</br>(general) | ||
| feldr</br> skinn, húð | |||
| {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}} | |||
| feldur | |||
| fäll | |||
|- | |||
|69 | |||
| to suck | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|93 | |70 | ||
| bird | | to carry | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|71 | |||
| ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]]) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|72 | |||
| heavy | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|73 | |||
| to take | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|74 | |||
| old | |||
| gamall | |||
| {{l|snon|ald}} | |||
| gamall | |||
| gammal | |||
|- | |||
|75 | |||
| to eat | |||
| eta | |||
| {{l|snon|èth}} | |||
| eta, éta | |||
| äta | |||
|- | |||
|76 | |||
| thigh | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|77 | |||
| thick | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|78 | |||
| long (spacially) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|79 | |||
| to blow | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|80 | |||
| wood | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|81 | |||
| to run | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|82 | |||
| to fall | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|83 | |||
| eye (body-part) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|84 | |||
| ash | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|85 | |||
| tail | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|86 | |||
| dog | |||
| hundr</br>rakki | |||
| {{l|snon|hun}}</br>{{l|snon|raech}}</br>{{l|snon|cù}} | |||
| hundur</br>rakki | |||
| hund</br>rakka | |||
|- | |||
|87 | |||
| to cry/weep | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|88 | |||
| to tie | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|89 | |||
| to see | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|90 | |||
| sweet | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|91 | |||
| rope | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|92 | |||
| shade/shadow | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|93 | |||
| bird | |||
| fugl | |||
| {{l|snon|fùghl}} | |||
| fugl | | fugl | ||
| | | fågel, fogel | ||
|- | |- | ||
|94 | |94 | ||
| salt | | salt | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|95 | |95 | ||
| small | | small | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|96 | |96 | ||
| wide | | wide | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|97 | |97 | ||
| star | | star | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|98 | |98 | ||
| in | | in | ||
| í | |||
| {{l|snon|i}} | |||
| í | | í | ||
| i | | i | ||
| Line 2,204: | Line 2,694: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Scots Norse/Agharsc|This page in Scots Norse]] | *[[Scots Norse/Agharsc|This page in Scots Norse]] | ||
*[[:Category:Scots Norse lemmas|Scots Norse dictionary]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||