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There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized.  
There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized.  
*Plural persons (1PL, 2Pl, 3PL, 2POL depending on context) are built from their singular counterparts, by adding a plural suffix between the radical and the conjugation ending : <-tt-> if the verb radical ends in a vowel, <-a-> if it ends in a consonant.


====Mood====
====Mood====
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=====Present=====
=====Present=====
*In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.
*In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present. A present progressive (''présent continu'') is bilt analytically.
*In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.
*In the conditional mood, there is one present, the conditional present.
*In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.
*In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.
=====Past=====
=====Past=====
*In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.
*In the indicative mood, there is one past, the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French ''passé composé'', as well as the ''imparfait'' and even the ''passé simple''. There are also a so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu'') and a "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), the latter being meant to correspond more specifically to French ''imparfait''. They are both built analytically.
*In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive.  
*In the conditional mood, there is only an analytically built past conditional.
 
=====Future=====
=====Future=====
In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.
In the indicative mood, there is a "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen. There are also a so-called "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), and a "proximity future" (''futur de proximité''), which is meant to express the inchoative aspect. They are both built analytically.
 
====Negation====
 
QtolqjimctadûB uses double negation, with a negation verb. There are two possible constructions :
 
*Nî + subject + conjugated verb + infinitive "daer"
*Subject + conjugated verb "daer" + infinitive verb


====Conjugation tables====
====Conjugation tables====


The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative present
|-
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
| 1SG || -os /o/ || -e / /
|-
| 2SG || -is /i/ || -es / /
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -et / /
|-
| 1PL || -aos /aw/ || -tte /t/
|-
| 2PL || -ais /ai/ (/aj/) || -ttez /t/
|-
| 3PL || -aat /a:/ || -ttet /t/
|-
| 2POLITE || -ae /ɛ/ ; -aae /aɛ/ || -ez / / ; -ttez / /
|}
 
The progressive (or continuous) present of a verb is built analytically with the present participle of the auxiliary verb "to have" followed with the infinitive of the verb.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''
|+ Indicative simple past
|-
|-
! Person !! Ending !! Example
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
|-
| 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/
| 1SG || -od /o/ || -de /d/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/
| 2SG || -id /i/ || -des /d/
|-
|-
| 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/
| 3SG || -ad /a/ || -det /d/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/
| 1PL || -aod /aw/ || -ttde /t/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/
| 2PL || -aid /ai/ (/aj/) || -ttdes /t/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/
| 3PL || -aad /a:/ || -ttdet /t/
|-
|-
| 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/
| 2POLITE || -ade /ad/ ; -aade /a:d/ || -dez /ɥa/ ; -ttdez /t/
|}
|}
The so-called "foregone past" is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past and the past participle of the verb.
The so-called "descriptive past" (imperfect) is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the general past followed with the present participle of the verb.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''
|+ Indicative simple future
|-
|-
! Person !! Ending !! Example
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
|-
| 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/
| 1SG || -(i)ros /(i)ʁo/ || -re /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/
| 2SG || -(i)ris /(i)ʁi/ || -res /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/
| 3SG || -(i)rat /(i)ʁa/ || -ret /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/
| 1PL || -aros /aʁo/ || -ttre /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/
| 2PL || -aris /aʁi/ || -ttres /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/
| 3PL || -arat /aʁa/ || -ttret /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/
| 2POLITE || -(i)rae /(i)ʁɛ/ ; -arae /-aʁɛ/|| -rez /ʁ/ -ttrez /tʁ/
|}
|}
Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.


The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms :
The so-called "retrospective future" (future perfect) is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the future followed by the past participle of the verb.
 
The so-called "proximity future" (inchoative, ''I am going to ...'', ''Je vais ...'') is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the present, followed by the present participle of the auxiliary verb "to have", followed by the infinitive of the verb.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Informal indicative present of kalûaë, "to be"
|+ Conditional present
|-
|-
! Person !! Kalûaë
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
|-
| 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/  
| 1SG || -(i)rios /(i)ʁjo/ || -red /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/  
| 2SG || -(i)riis /(i)ʁji/ || -reds /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/  
| 3SG || -(i)riat /(i)ʁja/ || -redt /ʁ/
|-
|-
| 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/  
| 1PL || -arios /aʁjo/ || -ttre /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 2PL || katts /kat/  
| 2PL || -ariis /aʁji/ || -ttreds /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 3PL || kame /kamə/  
| 3PL || -ariat /aʁja/ || -ttredt /tʁ/
|-
|-
| 2POLITE || kai /kai/  
| 2POLITE || -(i)riae /(i)ʁjɛ/ ; -ariae /aʁjɛ/ || -redz /ʁɛ/ ; -ttredz /tʁɛ/
|}
 
The conditional past is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle of the verb.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperative
|-
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
| 1SG || -e / / || -e / /
|-
| 2SG || -e / / || -e / /
|-
| 3SG || - / / || - / /
|-
| 1PL || -ae /a/ /j/ || -ae /a/
|-
| 2PL || -ae /a/ || -ae /a/
|-
| 3PL || -a /a/ || -a /a/
|}
There is no imperative form for the person of politeness.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Absolute
|-
! Person !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
| 1SG || -ha /ha/ || -h /h/ (or unpronounced ?)
|-
| 2SG || -ex /əθ/ || -x /θ/
|-
| 3SG || -etû /ət̚/ || -tû /t̚/
|-
| 1PL || -epħ /əf/ || -îfè /ɸɛ/
|-
| 2PL || -ebħ /əv/ || -îvè /βɛ/
|-
| 3PL || -edû /əd̚/ || -dû /d̚/
|-
| 2POLITE || -èîq /ɛɧ̙ʷ/ || -îq /ɧ̙ʷ/
|}
|}


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=====Present participle=====
=====Present participle=====
There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').
 
*Regular present participle :
{| class="wikitable"
It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.
|+ Present Participle
Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".
|-
*Substantival present participle :
! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.
|-
Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".
| -ent /ɑ̃/ || -öħt / /
Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"
|}
Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group.
Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.
The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Past participle
|+ Past participle
|-
|-
! !! first group !! second group
! Gender/Number !! Consonant ending !! Vowel ending
|-
|-
| Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/
| Masculine singular || -öi /i/ || -t / /
|-
|-
| Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/
| Neuter singular || -i /i/ || -t / /
|-
|-
| Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/
| Feminine singular || -ie /i/ || -te /t/
|-
|-
| Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/
| Masculine plural || -öis /i/ || -ts / /
|-
|-
| Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/
| Neuter plural || -is /i/ || -ts / /
|-
|-
| Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/
| Feminine plural || -ies /i/ || -tes /t/
|}
|}
Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
*Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO (Subject - Verb - Object).
 
*questions are formed by inversing verb and subject (VSO).
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
 
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
 
"I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.
 
Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".
 
*The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.
Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. 
 
Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.
If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.
 
*Sentences with a stative verb use the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".
Example :
 
"I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.
 
Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)
 
*Genitive phrase :
*Genitive phrase :


"My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.
"My mother" : (article) êüdô maîha.


(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".
(Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".
"My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.
"Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.
"Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.
Definite article + possessive pronoun.
"It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.
Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.


===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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