Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name=Scots Norse

|nativename=~~Agharsc~~

|nativename=Aghiarsc

|pronunciation=~~ˈəːɾsk~~

|pronunciation=ˈɑ.ɪɾsk

|ethnicity=Norse Scots

|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]]

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|created=April 3rd, 2026

|setting=

|stand1={{l|snon|~~Agharsc~~ Shorchas}}

|stand1={{l|snon|Aghiarsc Shorchas}}

|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]

|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]

|familycolor=Indo-European

|nation=Scotland

|speakers=(L1) 2,~~000~~

|speakers=(L1) 2,500

|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000

|date=~~2019~~

|date=2020

|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg

|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''

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}}

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|~~Agharsc~~}} /~~ˈəːɾsk~~/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:~~Morphophonology~~|~~morphophonology~~]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Aghiarsc}} /ˈɑ.ɪɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.

Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''~~Agharsc~~ Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.

Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Aghiarsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.

==Classification==

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Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Development==

The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.

===Pre-Scots Norse===

*/ɣ/ > /g/

::ON. {{l|non|aga}} /ɑ.ɣɑ/ > Pre-ScNo. /ɑ.ɡɑ/ (later /ɑː.ɡə/)

*/rl/ > /lː/

::ON. {{l|non|jarl}} /jɑrl/ > Pre-ScNo. /jɑlː/ (later /jɑl/)

*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables

::ON. {{l|non|beðr}} /be.ðr̩/ > Pre-ScNo. /beː.ðr̩/ (later /beː.də/)

*/ɔ/ > /ø/

::ON. {{l|non|nǫs}} /nɔs/ > Pre-ScNo. /nøs/

*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. Geminated sonorants are also shortened when word-final.

::ON. {{l|non|þykkr}} /θyk.kr̩/ > Pre-ScNo. /θy.kr̩/ (later /ty.kə/)

*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/

::ON. {{l|non|askr}} /ɑs.kr̩/ > Pre-ScNo. /ɑs.kə/

::ON. {{l|non|systir}} /sys.tir/ > Pre-ScNo. /sys.tə/

*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/

::ON. {{l|non|bogi}} /bo.ɡi/ > Pre-ScNo. /boː.ɡʲə/

*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r

::ON. {{l|non|hvelpr}} /hwel.pr̩/ > Pre-ScNo. /vel.pə/

*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f].

::ON. {{l|non|vestr}} /wes.tr̩/ > Pre-ScNo. /ves.tə/

::ON. {{l|non|arfa}} [ɑr.vɑ] > Pre-ScNo. [ɑr.fɑ]

*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/

*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, øː, eː/

*merger of /ɛ/ and /e/

*e > ja occasionally when from Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/

*Word-final nasals to /N/, which defaults to /n/ but seems to freely assimilate to whatever follows it.

===Sudrey Norse===

*unstressed vowels to /ə/.

*(Eastern only) /ɑ(ː)/ > /æ(ː)/

*development of slender/broad/plain distinction

*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel

*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants.

*sandhi effects develop

**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?)

::ON. {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > Pre-ScNo. /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jo(ː), ju(ː)/ have become /ɤ(ː), ɯ(ː)/.

*several palatalized sounds shift:

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ç, ʝ/

*global /h/-/x/ merger

===Modern Scots Norse===

*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/

*/gl, lg/ > /l/, with the lost /g/ shifting the vowel to a back unround.

**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus.

*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/.

::ON. {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > ScNo. {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/

*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination.

*Probably under outside influence, /θ, ð/ merge with /x, ɣ/.

*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects.

::ON. {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > SuNo. {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > ScNo. {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/

*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel.

==Phonology==

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! rowspan=2 |

! rowspan=3 |

! colspan=2 | ~~front~~

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | front

! colspan=2 | ~~back~~

! colspan=4 | back

|-

! colspan=2 | unround

! colspan=2 | round

|-

! short

! long

! short

! long

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|-

! High

~~| ɪ~~

| i

| ɤ

| iː

| ɯ

| ɯː

| u

| uː

|-

! Mid

~~| ɛ~~

| e

| ɔ

| eː

| ɤ

| ɤː

| o

| oː

|-

! Low

|

~~| ə~~

| ɑ

| ɑː

|-

|}

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Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.

==Mutation==

Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.

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==Orthography==

(updated to "bh")

(updated up to "cn")

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

! colspan=5 | Consonants

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|-

| before back vowel

| {{IPA|/pj/}}

| {{IPA|/bj/}}

| {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}

|-

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| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}

|-

| rowspan=8 | '''c'''

| rowspan=2 | '''c'''

| ~~rowspan~~=4 | broad

| colspan=2 | broad

~~| initially, or non-finally after consonant~~

~~| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|cas}} {{IPA|/kʰas̪/}}, {{lang|gd|cam}} {{IPA|/kʰaum/}}~~

|-

~~| between vowels~~

~~| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰk/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|bacadh}} {{IPA|/ˈpaʰkəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|mucan}} {{IPA|/ˈmuʰkən/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after vowel~~

~~| {{lang|gd|mac}} {{IPA|/maʰk/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after consonant~~

| {{IPA|/k/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~corc~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰɔɾʰk~~/}}

| {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}}

|-

| ~~rowspan~~=4 | slender

| colspan=2 | slender

~~| initially or after consonant~~

| {{IPA|/c/}}

| {{IPA|/~~kʰʲ~~/}}

| {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~ceòl~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ~~/}}, {{~~lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}~~

|-

~~| between vowels~~

~~| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰkʲ/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|lice}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰkʲə/}}, {{lang|gd|brice}} {{IPA|/ˈpɾʲiʰkʲə/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after vowel~~

~~| {{lang|gd|mic}} {{IPA|/miʰkʲ/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after consonant~~

~~| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}~~

~~| {{lang~~|gd|~~cuilc~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰulʰkʲ~~/}}

|-

| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''

| colspan=2 | broad

| {{IPA|/x/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|loch}} {{IPA|/~~l̪ˠɔx~~/}}, {{~~lang~~|gd|~~dòchas~~}} {{IPA|/~~ˈt̪ɔːxəs̪~~/}}

| {{l|snon|loch}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔx/}}, {{l|snon|Fràch}} {{IPA|/ˈfɾɑx/}}

|-

| colspan=2 | slender

| {{IPA|/ç/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~deich~~}} {{IPA|/~~tʲeç~~/}}, {{~~lang~~|gd|~~dìcheall~~}} {{IPA|/~~ˈtʲiːçəl̪ˠ~~/}}

| {{l|snon|loech}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔç/}}, {{l|snon|dìchial}} {{IPA|/ˈdi.çəɫ/}}

|-

| colspan=3 | '''chd'''

| {{IPA|/xk/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~lionntachd~~}} {{IPA|/~~ˈʎuːn̪ˠt̪əxk~~/}}, {{~~lang~~|gd|~~doimhneachd~~}} {{IPA|/~~ˈt̪ɔiɲəxk~~/}}

| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}, {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}

|-

| colspan=3 | '''cn'''

| {{IPA|/~~kʰɾ~~/}}

| {{IPA|/kɾ/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~cneap~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰɾʲɛʰp/}}, {{lang|gd|cneasta}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɾʲes̪t̪ə~~/}}

| {{l|snon|cnà}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɑ/}}

|-

| rowspan=2 | '''d'''

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Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.

A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.

*red: the ending.

*blue: the mutation.

*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)

*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for nouns and prepositions)

===Nominals===

====Nouns====

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes from the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.

=====Masculines=====

The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.

{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}

! rowspan=3 |

! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|~~veolp~~}} ("puppy")

! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veálp}} ("puppy")

! rowspan=11 class=separator |

! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")

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|-

! direct

| ve<~~span style="color:red"~~>o</~~span~~>lp

| velp L

| velpar

| velpear

| a

| a E

| angar

| alm

| alm L

| almar

|-

! genitive

| velps

| veo~~lph~~

| veálph L

| az

| ~~angh~~

| angh L

| alz

| ~~almh~~

| almh L

|-

! dative

| ~~velph~~

| velph L

| ~~velph~~u

| velphu E

| aengh

| aingh L

| ~~angh~~u

| anghu E

| ae~~lmh~~

| ailmh L

| ~~almh~~u

| almhu E

|-

! rowspan=2 |

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|-

! direct

| hi be<~~span style="color:red"~~>o</~~span~~>lp

| hi belp L

| hìnhar velpar

| hìnhar velpear

| hi n'a

| hi n'a E

| hìnhar angar

| hi n'alm

| hi n'alm L

| hìnhar almar

|-

! genitive

| hiz velps

| ~~hionh~~ vheo~~lph~~

| hiánh vheálph L

| hiz az

| ~~hionh~~ h'~~angh~~

| hiánh h'angh L

| hiz alz

| ~~hionh~~ h'~~almh~~

| hiánh h'almh L

|-

! dative

| hình b~~elph~~

| hình belph L

| hìnhu b~~elph~~u

| hìnhu belphu E

| hình n'aengh

| hình n'aengh L

| hìnhu n'~~angh~~u

| hìnhu n'anghu E

| hình n'ae~~lmh~~

| hình n'aelmh L

| hìnhu n'~~almh~~u

| hìnhu n'almhu E

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=~~{{{15|}}}~~}}

While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.

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|-

! direct

| ~~día~~

| dia L

| ~~díath~~an

| diathan

| loch

| lochan

|

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|-

! genitive

| ~~día~~s

| dias

| ~~día~~

| diadh L

| lochs

| loch

| loch L

|

|-

! dative

| ~~día~~

| diaidh L

| ~~díath~~u

| diadhu E

| loech

| loich L

| lochu

| lochu E

|

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|-

! direct

| hi nía

| hi nia L

| hìnhar ~~díath~~an

| hìnhar diathan

| hi loch

| hìnhar lochan

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|-

! genitive

| hiz ~~día~~s

| hiz dias

| hionh dhía

| hionh dhiadh L

| hiz lochs

| hionh loch

| hionh loch L

| hiz

| hionh

|-

! dative

| hình nía

| hình niaidh L

| hìnhu n~~íath~~u

| hìnhu níadhu E

| hình loech

| hình loich L

| hìnhu lochu

| hìnhu lochu E

| hình

| hìnhu

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|-

! nominative

| ~~sèol~~ L

| sèl L

| sèl

| sèlar

| sèlear

|-

! genitive

| sèlsh

| sèls

| sèlar

| sèlear

| sèol L

| sèal L

|-

! dative

| sèol E

| sèal E

| sèl L

| sèlu E

| sèliu E

|-

| class=separator colspan=4 |

| class=separator colspan=2 |

| class=blank-end-row colspan=2 rowspan=2 |

|-

! comparative

| sèlear L

|-

| class=separator colspan=4 |

|-

! superlative

! masculine

! feminine

! plural

|-

! ~~nom.~~/~~gen.~~

! nominative

| sèlar

| sèleast L

| sèlir

| sèliust

| sèlir

| sèleastar

|-

! genitive

| sèleasts

| sèleastar

| sèleast L

|-

! dative

| sèlar

| sèliust E

| sèlir

| sèleaist L

| sèl~~uru~~ E

| sèliustu E

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=L Triggers lenition &emsp; E Triggers eclipsis}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Regular adjective (teuch)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! positive

! masculine

! feminine

! plural

|-

! nominative

| teuch L

| teuch

| teuchar

|-

! genitive

| teuchs

| teuchear

| teuch L

|-

! dative

| teuch E

| teuich L

| teuchu E

|-

| class=separator colspan=2 |

| class=blank-end-row colspan=2 rowspan=2 |

|-

! comparative

| teuchar L

|-

| class=separator colspan=4 |

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|-

! nominative

| ~~sèl~~ast L

| teuchast L

| ~~sèl~~ust

| teuchust

| ~~sèl~~astar

| teuchastar

|-

! genitive

| ~~sèl~~asts

| teuchasts

| ~~sèl~~astar

| teuchastar

| ~~sèl~~ast L

| teuchast L

|-

! dative

| ~~sèl~~ust E

| teuchust E

| ~~sèl~~~~ist~~ L

| teuchaist L

| ~~sèl~~ustu E

| teuchustu E

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=L Triggers lenition &emsp; E Triggers eclipsis}}

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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=L Triggers lenition &emsp; E Triggers eclipsis}}

===~~=Numerals=~~===

===Prepositions===

{|~~class~~=~~"wikitable"~~

Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.

!1

|{{l|snon|è}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

! emphatic

|-

!2

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~tfè}}, {{l~~|~~snon~~|~~tfèr}}~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| tilmì E

| tilmìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| tiltì E

| tiltìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| tilaz

| tilaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| tilenh

| tilenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| tilach

| tilachúith

|-

!3

! colspan=2 | 2nd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~trì}}~~

| tilich

| tilichith

|-

!4

! colspan=2 | 3rd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~fiòer}}~~

| tiltèor L

| tiltèorthi

|-

!5

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

|{{l|snon|fi}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

! emphatic

|-

!6

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~siach}}~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| vidmì E

| vidmìnhic

|-

!7

! colspan=2 | 2nd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~siò}}~~

| vidtì E

| vidtìda

|-

!8

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~àth}}~~

! class=secondary | ''m''

| vidaz

| vidaza E

|-

!9

! class=secondary | ''f''

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~niù}}~~

| videnh

| videnha E

|-

!10

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~tiù}}~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| vidach

| vidachúith

|-

!11

! colspan=2 | 2nd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~eliovh}}~~

| vidich

| vidichith

|-

!12

! colspan=2 | 3rd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~tòlv}}~~

| vidtèor L

| vidtèorthi

|-

|}

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

~~===Prepositions===~~

Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

~~{{snon-infl-prep|til}}~~

! plain

~~{{snon-infl-prep|vid}}~~

! emphatic

~~{{snon-infl-prep|frà|len=y}}~~

~~{{snon-infl-prep|ì|len=y}}~~

~~{{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}}~~

~~{{snon-infl-prep|anh|n=y}}~~

~~===Verbs===~~

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

{{inflection-table-top|title=~~Conjugation~~ of {{l|snon|~~tàl~~}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! ~~present~~

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

! ~~conditional~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

| ~~tàl(~~~~aich~~)

! colspan=2 | 1st

~~| tàl~~~~adh~~

| fràmhì E

| ~~tàl~~~~ast~~

| fràmhìnhic

~~| tàl~~~~adhast~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~participle~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~tàl~~in

| fràthì E

~~| tàl~~a

| fràthìda

| ~~tàl~~~~anist~~

~~| tàl~~~~ast~~

|-

| class=~~separator colspan~~=9 |

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| fràhaz

| fràhaza E

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=~~2 colspan=2~~ |

! class=secondary | ''f''

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~positive~~

| fràhenh

~~! colspan~~=~~2 | negative~~

| fràhenha E

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | ~~personal~~

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~impersonal~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~personal~~

| fràthach

~~! class~~=~~secondary | impersonal~~

| fràthachúith

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~ind.~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

~~! class=secondary | pres.~~

| fràthich

| ~~tàl~~ir

| fràthichith

~~| tàltir~~

| è thàlir

| è th~~àlt~~ir

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~past~~

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~tàl~~~~adhir~~

| fràthèor L

~~| tàlt~~~~adhir~~

| fràthèorthi

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>th</~~span>àladhir</span~~>

| è th~~àlt~~~~adhir~~

|-

~~! class~~=~~secondary | fut.~~

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

~~| tàl~~<~~span style="color:red"~~>~~ist~~</~~span~~>

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

~~| tàl~~<~~span style="color:green"~~>t</~~span~~>~~ist~~

! class=outer colspan=3 |

| ~~è thàlist~~

! plain

~~| è thàltist~~

! emphatic

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

| ~~tàladhist~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~tàl~~t~~adhist~~

| ìmhì E

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>th</~~span>àladhist</span~~>

| ìmhìnhic

| ~~è thàl~~t~~adhist~~

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont.~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

~~! class=secondary | pres.~~

| ìthì E

| ~~tàl~~~~irúi~~

| ìthìda

~~| tàlt~~~~irúi~~

~~| è th~~àl<~~span style="color:red"~~>~~irúi~~</~~span~~>

| è th~~àlt~~~~irúi~~

|-

! class=secondary | ~~past~~

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

~~| tàladhirúi~~

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ~~tàl~~t~~adhirúi~~

| ìhaz

| è thàl~~adhirúi~~

| ìhaza E

~~| è thàlt~~<~~span style="color:red"~~>~~adhirúi~~</~~span~~>

|-

! class=secondary | ~~fut.~~

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ~~tàl~~~~istúi~~

| ìhenh

~~| tàlt~~~~istúi~~

| ìhenha E

| è thàl~~istúi~~

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>th</~~span>àltistúi</span~~>

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

~~| tàladhistúi~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~tàltadhistúi~~

| ìthach

| è thàl~~adhistúi~~

| ìthachúith

| è th~~àlt~~~~adhistúi~~

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~perf.~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

~~! class=secondary | pres.~~

| ìthich

| ~~tàl~~irúa

| ìthichith

~~| tàltirúa~~

~~| è thàl~~irúa

| è th~~àlt~~~~irúa~~

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~past~~

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~tàl~~~~adhirúa~~

| ìthèor L

~~| tàlt~~~~adhirúa~~

| ìthèorthi

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>th</~~span>àladhirúa</span~~>

| è th~~àlt~~~~adhirúa~~

|-

~~! class~~=~~secondary | fut.~~

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

~~| tàl~~<~~span style="color:red"~~>~~istúa~~</~~span~~>

~~| tàl~~<~~span style="color:green"~~>t</~~span~~>~~istúa~~

| ~~è thàlistúa~~

~~| è thàltistúa~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

! emphatic

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

| ~~tàladhistúa~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~tàl~~t~~adhistúa~~

| inì E

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>th</~~span>àladhistúa</span~~>

| inìnhic

| ~~è thàl~~t~~adhistúa~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~imp.~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~tàl~~

| idì E

~~| tàl~~t

| idìda

~~| è~~ thàl

| è thàlt

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

~~{{inflection-table-top~~|~~title~~=~~Conjugation of {{l~~|~~snon~~|~~mèl}}~~|~~palette~~=~~blue~~|~~tall~~=~~yes}}~~

| ighaz

! class=outer colspan=2 |

| ighaza E

~~! present~~

|-

~~! past~~

! class=secondary | ''f''

~~! future~~

| ighenh

~~! conditional~~

| ighenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| inhach

| inhachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~mèl(~~~~ich~~)

| inhich

~~| mèl~~~~adh~~

| inhichith

| ~~mèl~~~~ast~~

~~| mèl~~~~adhast~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~participle~~

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~mèl~~in

| idèor L

~~| mèl~~a

| idèorthi

| ~~mèl~~~~anist~~

~~| mèl~~~~ast~~

|-

| class=~~separator~~ colspan=9 |

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

! emphatic

|-

! rowspan=~~2 colspan=2~~ |

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | ~~positive~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~negative~~

| anhnì E

| anhnìnhic

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~personal~~

! colspan=2 | 2nd

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~impersonal~~

| anhdì E

~~! class~~=~~secondary | personal~~

| anhdìda

~~! class~~=~~secondary | impersonal~~

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~ind.~~

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ~~pres.~~

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ~~mèl~~~~ir~~

| anhghaz

~~| mèlt~~ir

| anhghaza E

| è mhèlir

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>mh</~~span>èltir</span~~>

|-

! class=secondary | ~~past~~

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ~~mèl~~~~adhir~~

| anhghenh

~~| mèlt~~~~adhir~~

| anhghenha E

| è mhèl~~adhir~~

~~| è~~ <~~span style="color:blue"~~>mh</~~span>èltadhir</span~~>

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

| ~~mèl~~~~ist~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~mèl~~t~~ist~~

| anhach

| è mhèl~~ist~~

| anhachúith

| è mhèlt~~ist~~

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| anhich

| anhichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| anhdèor L

| anhdèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

===Verbs===

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and conditional (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.

The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| colspan=4 | tàl(áich)

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond~~.

! colspan=2 | pres. part.

| ~~mèladhist~~

| colspan=4 | tàláin

~~| mèltadhist~~

~~| è mhèladhist~~

| ~~è mhèlt~~~~adhist~~

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont~~.

! colspan=2 | past part.

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~pres.~~

| colspan=4 | tàladh

~~| mèlirúi~~

| ~~mèltirúi~~

~~| è mhèlirúi~~

~~| è mhèlt~~~~irúi~~

|-

! class=~~secondary | past~~

| class=separator colspan=9 |

~~| mèladhirúi~~

~~| mèltadhirúi~~

~~| è mhèladhirúi~~

| ~~è mhèltadhirúi~~

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

~~| mèlistúi~~

! colspan=2 | positive

| ~~mèltistúi~~

! colspan=2 | negative

~~| è mhèlistúi~~

| ~~è mhèltistúi~~

|-

! class=secondary | ~~cond.~~

! class=secondary | personal

| ~~mèladhistúi~~

! class=secondary | impersonal

| ~~mèltadhistúi~~

! class=secondary | personal

~~| è mhèladhistúi~~

! class=secondary | impersonal

| ~~è mhèltadhistúi~~

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~perf~~.

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~mèl~~~~irúa~~

| tàláir

| ~~mèl~~t~~irúa~~

| tàltáir

| è mhèl~~irúa~~

| è thàláir

| è mhèlt~~irúa~~

| è thàltáir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~mèl~~~~adhirúa~~

| tàlaidhir

| ~~mèl~~t~~adhirúa~~

| tàltaidhir

| è mhèl~~adhirúa~~

| è thàlaidhir

| è mhèlt~~adhirúa~~

| è thàltaidhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~mèl~~~~istúa~~

| tàláist

| ~~mèl~~t~~istúa~~

| tàltáist

| è mhèl~~istúa~~

| è thàláist

| è mhèlt~~istúa~~

| è thàltáist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~mèl~~~~adhistúa~~

| tàlaidhist

| ~~mèl~~t~~adhistúa~~

| tàltaidhist

| è mhèl~~adhistúa~~

| è thàlaidhist

| è mhèlt~~adhistúa~~

| è thàltaidhist

|-

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| tàláireu

| tàltáireu

| è thàláireu

| è thàltáireu

|-

! class=secondary | past

| tàlaidhireu

| tàltaidhireu

| è thàlaidhireu

| è thàltaidhireu

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| tàláisteu

| tàltáisteu

| è thàláisteu

| è thàltáisteu

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| tàlaidhisteu

| tàltaidhisteu

| è thàlaidhisteu

| è thàltaidhisteu

|-

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| tàláiriò

| tàltáiriò

| è thàláiriò

| è thàltáiriò

|-

! class=secondary | past

| tàlaidhiriò

| tàltaidhiriò

| è thàlaidhiriò

| è thàltaidhiriò

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| tàláistiò

| tàltáistiò

| è thàláistiò

| è thàltáistiò

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| tàlaidhistiò

| tàltaidhistiò

| è thàlaidhistiò

| è thàltaidhistiò

|-

! colspan=2 | imp.

| ~~mèl~~

| tàl

| ~~mèl~~t

| tàlt

| è mhèl

| è thàl

| è mhèlt

| è thàlt

|-

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|~~àgh~~}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! ~~class=outer~~ colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

~~! present~~

| colspan=4 | mèl(ich)

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! colspan=2 | pres. part.

| ~~àgh(aich)~~

| colspan=4 | mèlin

~~| àghadh~~

~~| àghast~~

| ~~àgh~~~~adhast~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~participle~~

! colspan=2 | past part.

| ~~àghin~~

| colspan=4 | mèleadh

~~| àgha~~

~~| àghanist~~

| ~~àgh~~~~ast~~

|-

| class=separator colspan=9 |

Line 1,233:

Line 1,368:

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~àgh~~ir

| mèlir

| ~~àgh~~tir

| mèltir

| è h'~~àgh~~ir

| è mhèlir

| è h'~~àgh~~tir

| è mhèltir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~àgh~~~~adhir~~

| mèleaidhir

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhir~~

| mèlteaidhir

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhir~~

| è mhèleaidhir

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhir~~

| è mhèlteaidhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~àgh~~ist

| mèlist

| ~~àgh~~tist

| mèltist

| è h'~~àgh~~ist

| è mhèlist

| è h'~~àgh~~tist

| è mhèltist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~àgh~~~~adhist~~

| mèleaidhist

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhist~~

| mèlteaidhist

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhist~~

| è mhèleaidhist

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhist~~

| è mhèlteaidhist

|-

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~àgh~~~~irúi~~

| mèlireu

| ~~àgh~~t~~irúi~~

| mèltireu

| è h'~~àgh~~~~irúi~~

| è mhèlireu

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~irúi~~

| è mhèltireu

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~àgh~~~~adhirúi~~

| mèleaidhireu

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhirúi~~

| mèlteaidhireu

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhirúi~~

| è mhèleaidhireu

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhirúi~~

| è mhèlteaidhireu

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~àgh~~~~istúi~~

| mèlisteu

| ~~àgh~~t~~istúi~~

| mèltisteu

| è h'~~àgh~~~~istúi~~

| è mhèlisteu

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~istúi~~

| è mhèltisteu

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~àgh~~~~adhistúi~~

| mèleaidhisteu

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhistúi~~

| mèlteaidhisteu

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhistúi~~

| è mhèleaidhisteu

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhistúi~~

| è mhèlteaidhisteu

|-

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~àgh~~~~irúa~~

| mèliriò

| ~~àgh~~t~~irúa~~

| mèltiriò

| è h'~~àgh~~~~irúa~~

| è mhèliriò

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~irúa~~

| è mhèltiriò

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~àgh~~~~adhirúa~~

| mèleaidhiriò

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhirúa~~

| mèlteaidhiriò

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhirúa~~

| è mhèleaidhiriò

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhirúa~~

| è mhèlteaidhiriò

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~àgh~~~~istúa~~

| mèlistiò

| ~~àgh~~t~~istúa~~

| mèltistiò

| è h'~~àgh~~~~istúa~~

| è mhèlistiò

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~istúa~~

| è mhèltistiò

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~àgh~~~~adhistúa~~

| mèleaidhistiò

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhistúa~~

| mèlteaidhistiò

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhistúa~~

| è mhèleaidhistiò

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhistúa~~

| è mhèlteaidhistiò

|-

! colspan=2 | imp.

| ~~àgh~~

| mèl

| ~~àgh~~t

| mèlt

| è h'~~àgh~~

| è mhèl

| è h'~~àgh~~t

| è mhèlt

|-

~~====''i-''negatives====~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

~~This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| colspan=4 | àgh(áich)

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! ~~class=outer~~ colspan=2 |

~~! present~~

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! colspan=2 | pres. part.

| ~~bì(thich)~~

| colspan=4 | àgháin

~~| bìthadh~~

~~| bìthast~~

| ~~bìth~~~~adhast~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~participle~~

! colspan=2 | past part.

| ~~bìthin~~

| colspan=4 | àghadh

~~| bìtha~~

~~| bìthanist~~

| ~~bìth~~~~ast~~

|-

| class=separator colspan=9 |

Line 1,349:

Line 1,472:

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~bìth~~ir

| àgháir

| bìtir

| àghtáir

| im~~ìth~~ir

| è h'àgháir

| imìtir

| è h'àghtáir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~bìth~~~~adhir~~

| àghaidhir

| bìt~~adhir~~

| àghtaidhir

| im~~ìth~~~~adhir~~

| è h'àghaidhir

| imìt~~adhir~~

| è h'àghtaidhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~bìth~~~~ist~~

| àgháist

| bìt~~ist~~

| àghtáist

| im~~ìth~~~~ist~~

| è h'àgháist

| imìt~~ist~~

| è h'àghtáist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~bìth~~~~adhist~~

| àghaidhist

| bìt~~adhist~~

| àghtaidhist

| im~~ìth~~~~adhist~~

| è h'àghaidhist

| imìt~~adhist~~

| è h'àghtaidhist

|-

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~bìth~~~~irúi~~

| àgháireu

| bìt~~irúi~~

| àghtáireu

| im~~ìth~~~~irúi~~

| è h'àgháireu

| imìt~~irúi~~

| è h'àghtáireu

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~bìth~~~~adhirúi~~

| àghaidhireu

| bìt~~adhirúi~~

| àghtaidhireu

| im~~ìth~~~~adhirúi~~

| è h'àghaidhireu

| imìt~~adhirúi~~

| è h'àghtaidhireu

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~bìth~~~~istúi~~

| àgháisteu

| bìt~~istúi~~

| àghtáisteu

| im~~ìth~~~~istúi~~

| è h'àgháisteu

| imìt~~istúi~~

| è h'àghtáisteu

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~bìth~~~~adhistúi~~

| àghaidhisteu

| bìt~~adhistúi~~

| àghtaidhisteu

| im~~ìth~~~~adhistúi~~

| è h'àghaidhisteu

| imìt~~adhistúi~~

| è h'àghtaidhisteu

|-

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~bìth~~~~irúa~~

| àgháiriò

| bìt~~irúa~~

| àghtáiriò

| im~~ìth~~~~irúa~~

| è h'àgháiriò

| imìt~~irúa~~

| è h'àghtáiriò

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~bìth~~~~adhirúa~~

| àghaidhiriò

| bìt~~adhirúa~~

| àghtaidhiriò

| im~~ìth~~~~adhirúa~~

| è h'àghaidhiriò

| imìt~~adhirúa~~

| è h'àghtaidhiriò

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~bìth~~~~istúa~~

| àgháistiò

| bìt~~istúa~~

| àghtáistiò

| im~~ìth~~~~istúa~~

| è h'àgháistiò

| imìt~~istúa~~

| è h'àghtáistiò

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~bìth~~~~adhistúa~~

| àghaidhistiò

| bìt~~adhistúa~~

| àghtaidhistiò

| im~~ìth~~~~adhistúa~~

| è h'àghaidhistiò

| imìt~~adhistúa~~

| è h'àghtaidhistiò

|-

! colspan=2 | imp.

| bì

| àgh

| bìt

| àght

| imì

| è h'àgh

| imìt

| è h'àght

|-

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|~~vèr~~}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

====''i-''negatives====

! ~~class=outer~~ colspan=2 |

This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.

~~! present~~

~~! past~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

~~! future~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

~~! conditional~~

| colspan=4 | bì(thich)

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! colspan=2 | pres. part.

| ~~vèr(ich)~~

| colspan=4 | bìthin

~~| vèradh~~

~~| vèrast~~

| ~~vèr~~~~adhast~~

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~participle~~

! colspan=2 | past part.

| ~~vèrin~~

| colspan=4 | bìthadh

~~| vèra~~

~~| vèranist~~

| ~~vèr~~~~ast~~

|-

| class=separator colspan=9 |

Line 1,462:

Line 1,579:

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~vèr~~ir

| bìthir

| ~~vèr~~tir

| bìtir

| ibèrir

| imìthir

| ibèrtir

| imìtir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~vèr~~adhir

| bìthadhir

| ~~vèr~~tadhir

| bìtadhir

| ibèradhir

| imìthadhir

| ibèrtadhir

| imìtadhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~vèr~~ist

| bìthist

| ~~vèr~~tist

| bìtist

| ibèrist

| imìthist

| ibèrtist

| imìtist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~vèr~~adhist

| bìthadhist

| ~~vèr~~tadhist

| bìtadhist

| ibèradhist

| imìthadhist

| ibèrtadhist

| imìtadhist

|-

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~vèr~~irúi

| bìthirúi

| ~~vèr~~tirúi

| bìtirúi

| ibèrirúi

| imìthirúi

| ibèrtirúi

| imìtirúi

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~vèr~~adhirúi

| bìthadhirúi

| ~~vèr~~tadhirúi

| bìtadhirúi

| ibèradhirúi

| imìthadhirúi

| ibèrtadhirúi

| imìtadhirúi

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~vèr~~istúi

| bìthistúi

| ~~vèr~~tistúi

| bìtistúi

| ibèristúi

| imìthistúi

| ibèrtistúi

| imìtistúi

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~vèr~~adhistúi

| bìthadhistúi

| ~~vèr~~tadhistúi

| bìtadhistúi

| ibèradhistúi

| imìthadhistúi

| ibèrtadhistúi

| imìtadhistúi

|-

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~vèr~~irúa

| bìthirúa

| ~~vèr~~tirúa

| bìtirúa

| ibèrirúa

| imìthirúa

| ibèrtirúa

| imìtirúa

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~vèr~~adhirúa

| bìthadhirúa

| ~~vèr~~tadhirúa

| bìtadhirúa

| ibèradhirúa

| imìthadhirúa

| ibèrtadhirúa

| imìtadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~vèr~~istúa

| bìthistúa

| ~~vèr~~tistúa

| bìtistúa

| ibèristúa

| imìthistúa

| ibèrtistúa

| imìtistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~vèr~~adhistúa

| bìthadhistúa

| ~~vèr~~tadhistúa

| bìtadhistúa

| ibèradhistúa

| imìthadhistúa

| ibèrtadhistúa

| imìtadhistúa

|-

! colspan=2 | imp.

| ~~vèr~~

| bì

| ~~vèr~~t

| bìt

| ibèr

| imì

| ibèrt

| imìt

|-

==~~Syntax~~==

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

===~~Word order~~===

! colspan=2 | infinitive

~~Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is~~:

| colspan=4 | vèr(ich)

~~#Preverbal particle(s)~~

|-

~~#Verb~~

! colspan=2 | pres. part.

~~#Postverbal particle(s)~~

| colspan=4 | vèrin

~~#Subject~~

|-

~~#Preposition(s) (usually)~~

! colspan=2 | past part.

~~#Direct object or predicate adjective~~

| colspan=4 | vèradh

~~#Indirect object~~

|-

| class=separator colspan=9 |

~~An example:~~

|-

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number~~=~~(1)~~|~~abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

| ~~èthir mic hi màth.~~

! colspan=2 | positive

| ~~eat~~.~~PRES 1sg the food.DIR~~

! colspan=2 | negative

| ~~I eat the food~~.

|-

}}

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

~~Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg.~~ "i" ("in"~~) goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as~~ "~~under~~" in "~~under construction~~" ("~~i miùeghi~~"~~, literally~~ "~~in building~~").

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

~~Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg.~~ "~~blòemh ròdh~~" ~~for~~ "red ~~flower~~" ~~and~~ "~~blòemh mì~~" ~~for~~ "~~my flower~~".

|-

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(2)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

! rowspan=4 | ind.

|~~{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì~~

! class=secondary | pres.

|~~⟨CONT⟩bloom~~.~~PRES flower.DIR~~ red~~.DIR 1sg.POSS~~

| vèrir

|

| vèrtir

}}

| ibèrir

| ibèrtir

===~~Questions and answers~~===

|-

~~Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to~~ "no"~~, the closest thing being~~ "~~è(gh)~~" ("~~not~~"~~), which can often be used on it's own when a form of~~ "be" + "~~not~~" ~~suffices for an answer, as in:~~

! class=secondary | past

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(3)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

| vèradhir

| ~~vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?~~

| vèrtadhir

| ~~Q speak~~.~~PRES 2sg with~~.~~1sg~~

| ibèradhir

| ~~Will you speak with me?~~

| ibèrtadhir

}}

|-

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number~~=~~&emsp;(3.1)|indent~~=6

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~ègh~~

| vèrist

| ~~NEG~~

| vèrtist

| ~~I won't~~

| ibèrist

}}

| ibèrtist

|-

~~Following this usage of~~ "~~ègh~~", "~~ghià~~" ~~(Old Norse~~ "já"~~) is often used as an affirmative, as in~~:

! class=secondary | cond.

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(4)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

| vèradhist

| ~~vàrt èthist tic màenh~~-~~màls vidmìnhic?~~

| vèrtadhist

| ~~Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner~~.~~DIR with.1sg.EMP~~

| ibèradhist

| ~~Will you eat dinner with me?~~

| ibèrtadhist

}}

|-

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number~~=~~&emsp;(4.1)|indent~~=6

! rowspan=4 | cont.

| ~~ghià~~!

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~AFF~~

| vèrirúi

| ~~I will!~~

| vèrtirúi

}}

| ibèrirúi

| ibèrtirúi

~~As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain~~ "~~vàrt~~" ~~at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig~~ "an".

|-

! class=secondary | past

==="~~To be~~"===

| vèradhirúi

====~~Existential ''bì''~~====

| vèrtadhirúi

~~Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb~~ "~~bìodh~~" ~~(Old Norse~~ "~~bíða~~") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì"~~, with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in~~ "~~bì'ir~~" or "~~bì'adhist~~"~~, in these forms it is often pronounced~~ /~~bj-~~/~~, thus /bjəjʃt/ for~~ "~~bì'adhist~~".

| ibèradhirúi

| ibèrtadhirúi

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(5)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

|-

|~~bì'ir Gud~~

! class=secondary | fut.

|~~EXIST~~.~~PRES God.DIR~~

| vèristúi

|~~God exists~~

| vèrtistúi

}}

| ibèristúi

| ibèrtistúi

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(6)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

|-

|~~bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh~~

! class=secondary | cond.

|~~EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table~~.~~DAT~~

| vèradhistúi

|~~the apples are on the table~~

| vèrtadhistúi

}}

| ibèradhistúi

| ibèrtadhistúi

~~''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in~~:

|-

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

~~====Copulative ''~~vèr''====

| vèrirúa

~~The verb {{l~~|~~snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called~~ "~~equative 'to be'~~"~~, eg. the verb~~ "~~to be~~" ~~as used to mean "X~~ = Y"~~, as in~~:

| vèrtirúa

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number~~=~~(8)~~

| ibèrirúa

|~~vèrir mic sèl~~

| ibèrtirúa

|~~COP.PRES 1sg happy~~

|-

|~~I am happy~~

! class=secondary | past

}}

| vèradhirúa

| vèrtadhirúa

| ibèradhirúa

| ibèrtadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| vèristúa

| vèrtistúa

| ibèristúa

| ibèrtistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| vèradhistúa

| vèrtadhistúa

| ibèradhistúa

| ibèrtadhistúa

|-

! colspan=2 | imp.

| vèr

| vèrt

| ibèr

| ibèrt

|-

==Syntax==

===Word order===

Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:

#Preverbal particle(s)

#Verb

#Postverbal particle(s)

#Subject

#Preposition(s) (usually)

#Direct object or predicate adjective

#Indirect object

~~"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."~~

An example:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.~~

| èthir mic hi màth.

:~~(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"~~

| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR

~~:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"~~

| I eat the food.

~~"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)

|~~vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz~~

|~~COP~~.PRES ~~3sg.M happy in~~.~~3sg.M~~

|~~He is happy~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=~~(10)

Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").

~~|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh~~

~~|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful~~ in.~~3sg.F~~

~~|She is beautiful~~

}}

~~===Evidentiality===~~

Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".

~~Evidentiality~~ in ~~Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual~~, the ~~direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct~~, eg. "~~humans need oxygen~~" vs "~~the injured dog has healed~~ (~~and I saw it~~)~~", the former being factual while the latter is~~ direct.

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì

|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS

|

}}

~~The factual is typically formed through~~ a ~~verbs' indicative~~, ~~but it can also take~~ the ~~long infinitive of~~ "bì" ("~~bìthich~~"; "~~to exist~~") for ~~emphasis~~, ~~such~~ as:

===Questions and answers===

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:

|~~crevhir me màth~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~require~~.PRES ~~human.DIR~~.~~PL food.DIR~~

| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?

|~~humans require food~~

| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg

| Will you speak with me?

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|~~abbreviations~~=~~DIR:direct case~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6

|~~crevhir bìthich me màth~~

| è

|~~require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR~~

| NEG

|~~humans require food (and~~ I '~~'know'' it)~~

| I won't

}}

~~The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive~~ of "~~sià~~" ("~~siàthadh~~"; "~~perceived~~"), ~~thus~~:

Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù~~

| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?

|~~⟨PERF⟩heal~~.~~PRES~~.~~IMPRS see~~.~~PAST~~.~~INF the~~.~~DIR dog.DIR~~

| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP

|~~the dog has healed (and~~ I ~~saw it)~~

| Will you eat dinner with me?

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6

| ghià!

| AFF

| I will!

}}

~~The indirect tends~~ to be ~~formed with~~ the ~~past infinitive~~ of "~~seogh~~" ("~~seoghadh~~"; "~~told~~"):

As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh~~

==="To be"===

|~~fare~~.~~PAST tell~~.~~PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT~~

====Existential ''bì''====

|~~they went to church (so I was told)~~

Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|bì'ir Gud

|EXIST.PRES God.DIR

|God exists

}}

~~To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(~~15a~~)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh

|~~fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh~~

|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT

|~~fare~~.~~PAST (EXIST~~.~~INF) 3sg~~.~~m home~~.DAT

|the apples are on the table

|~~he went home~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(15b)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR:direct case~~

|~~fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh~~

''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:

~~|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT~~

|~~(I saw that) he went home~~

====Copulative ''vèr''====

}}

The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(~~15b~~)~~|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)

|~~fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh~~

|vèrir mic sèl

|~~fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home~~.~~DAT~~

|COP.PRES 1sg happy

|(I ~~was told that) he went home~~

|I am happy

}}

~~==Texts==~~

"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."

~~===UDHR Article 1===~~

:'''~~Original (English)~~'''

~~All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights~~. ~~They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood~~.

:'''~~Old Norse~~ (~~modern translation~~)'''

When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.

~~Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.~~

:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"

:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"

~~:'''Scots Norse'''~~

"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.

vèrir ~~me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth~~ h'~~attì~~. ~~vèrin giòedh 's sabasc~~ h'~~attì~~, ~~'s scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh~~.

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)

~~:"all men~~ are ~~born free and equal~~, ~~having dignity~~ and ~~rights~~. ~~they have reason and conscience~~, and ~~should act to eachother as a brotherhood~~"

|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz

|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M

|He is happy

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)

|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh

|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F

|She is beautiful

}}

===Evidentiality===

Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.

~~===~~The ~~Cold Winter~~ is ~~Near===~~

The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:

~~{| class=~~"~~mw-collapsible mw-collapsed~~"

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~! Scots Norse~~

|crevhir me màth

!

|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR

~~! English~~

|humans require food

|-

}}

~~| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~| &emsp~~;

|crevhir bìthich me màth

~~| style=~~"~~font-style:italic;~~" ~~| The cold winter is near~~, ~~a blizzard will come.~~

|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR

|-

|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)

| ~~fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.~~

}}

|

~~| style~~=~~"font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.~~

|-

| ~~velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!~~

|

~~| style~~=~~"font-style~~:~~italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!~~

|-

| ~~vèrir tesh ètlin mhì~~.

|

| ~~style~~=~~"font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~That is my plan.~~

|-

~~| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!~~

|

~~| style~~=~~"font-style~~:~~italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.~~

|-

~~| ò, 's sùp varm!~~

|

| ~~style="font-style:italic;" | Oh,~~ and ~~warm soup!~~

|}

==~~Vocabulary=~~=

The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:

~~===Phrasebook===~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~===Numerals===~~

|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù

~~===Colors===~~

|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR

~~===Time===~~

|the dog has healed (and I saw it)

~~===Lexical comparison===~~

}}

~~====Leipzig-Jakarta====~~

{|~~class~~=~~"wikitable collapsible collapsed"~~

The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):

|-

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~! colspan~~=9 | ~~Leipzig-Jakarta List~~

|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh

|-

|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT

~~! Rank~~

|they went to church (so I was told)

~~! English~~

}}

~~! Old Norse~~

~~! Scots Norse~~

To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.

~~! Icelandic~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~! Swedish~~

|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh

|-

|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT

|1

|he went home

| ~~fire~~

}}

~~| eldr~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

| {{l|snon|~~eld}}~~

|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh

| ~~eldur~~

|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT

| ~~eld~~

|(I saw that) he went home

|-

}}

|2

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~| nose~~

|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh

~~| nǫs~~

|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT

| {{l|snon|~~nas}}~~

|(I was told that) he went home

| ~~nös~~

}}

| ~~nas~~

|-

==Texts==

|3

===UDHR Article 1===

| to go

:'''Original (English)'''

~~| ganga~~

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

~~| {~~{l|~~snon|gangh}}~~

~~| ganga~~

:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''

~~| gånga~~

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

:'''Scots Norse'''

vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.

:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

===The Cold Winter is Near===

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

! Scots Norse

!

! English

|-

|4

| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.

| ~~water~~

| &emsp;

| ~~vatn~~

| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.

~~| {{l|snon|vat}}~~

~~| vatn~~

| ~~vatten~~

|-

|5

| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.

| mouth (body)(river)

|

| munnrmynni

| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.

| {{l|snon|mun}}{{l|snon|miuin}}

|-

| munnur, mynni

| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!

| mun, mynne

|

|-

| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!

|6

|-

| tongue

| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.

| tunga

|

| {{l|snon|tung}}

| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.

| tunga

|-

| tunga

| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.

|-

| ò, 's sùp varm!

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!

|}

==Vocabulary==

===Phrasebook===

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! Scots Norse

! English

! Usage notes

|-

| {{l|snon|velcùmha}}

| welcome

| style="font-style:italic;" |

|-

| {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl)

| good morning

| rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender

|-

| {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl)

| good evening

|-

| {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl)

| good day, (formal) hello

|-

| {{l|snon|farvel}}

| farewell, goodbye

|-

| {{l|snon|halò}}

| hello, hi

| rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual

|-

| {{l|snon|bái}}

| (good)bye

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions

|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"

! Scots Norse

! English

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?

| what is your name? ''(lit. "what name have you?")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}

| my name is... ''(lit. "I have the name...")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?

| how are you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?

| I am [adj], and you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?

| where are you from?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...

| I am from...

|}

===Numerals===

{|class="wikitable"

!1

|{{l|snon|è}}

|-

!2

|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}

|-

!3

|{{l|snon|trì}}

|-

!4

|{{l|snon|feòr}}

|-

!5

|{{l|snon|fi}}

|-

!6

|{{l|snon|seach}}

|-

!7

|{{l|snon|seò}}

|-

!8

|{{l|snon|àth}}

|-

!9

|{{l|snon|neù}}

|-

!10

|{{l|snon|teù}}

|-

!11

|{{l|snon|eliáfh}}

|-

!12

|{{l|snon|tòlf}}

|-

|}

===Colors===

===Time===

===Lexical comparison===

====Leipzig-Jakarta====

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

|-

! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List

|-

! Rank

! English

! Old Norse

! Scots Norse

! Icelandic

! Swedish

|-

|1

| fire

| eldr

| {{l|snon|eld}}

| eldur

| eld

|-

|2

| nose

| nǫs

| {{l|snon|nas}}

| nös

| nas

|-

|3

| to go

| ganga

| {{l|snon|gangh}}

| ganga

| gånga

|-

|4

| water

| vatn

| {{l|snon|vat}}

| vatn

| vatten

|-

|5

| mouth (body)(river)

| munnrmynni

| {{l|snon|mun}}{{l|snon|miuin}}

| munnurmynni

| munmynne

|-

|6

| tongue

| tunga

| {{l|snon|tung}}

| tunga

|-

|7

Line 1,858:

Line 2,179:

|16

| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])

|

| lús

|

| {{l|snon|lùs}}

|

| lús

| lus

|-

|17

| wing

|

| vængr

|

| {{l|snon|vèngh}}

|

| vængur

| vinge

|-

|18

| flesh/meat

|

| hold

|

| {{l|snon|hold}}

|

| hold

| hull

|-

|19

Line 1,883:

Line 2,207:

|20

| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])

|

| fluga

|

| {{l|snon|flùgh}}

|

| fluga

|-

|21

Line 1,896:

Line 2,221:

|22

| ear

|

| eyra

|

| {{l|snon|or}}

|

| eyra

| ör(a)

|-

|23

| neck

|

| hals

|

| {{l|snon|hàls}}

|

| háls

| hals

|-

|24

| far (prep.)

|

| fjarri

|

| {{l|snon|fiaer}}

|

| fjarri

| fjärran

|-

|25

| to do/make

|

| gera

|

| {{l|snon|gèor}}

|

| gera, gjöra

| göra

|-

|26

Line 1,966:

Line 2,295:

| einn

| {{l|snon|è}}

| einn

| en

|-

|34

Line 1,977:

Line 2,308:

| hannhǫ́nþat

| {{l|snon|ha}}{{l|snon|hành}}

| hannhún, hón

| hanhon

|-

|36

Line 2,106:

Line 2,439:

| eigi

| {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}

| eigi, ei, ekki

| ej, icke

|-

|57

Line 2,118:

Line 2,453:

| kunna(a person) kenna

| {{l|snon|cunh}}

| kunna

|-

|59

Line 2,177:

Line 2,514:

| feldr skinn, húð

| {{l|snon|feld}} {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}

| feldur

| fäll

|-

|69

Line 2,210:

Line 2,549:

|74

| old

|

| gamall

| {{l|snon|ald}}

|

| gamall

| gammal

|-

|75

Line 2,218:

Line 2,558:

| eta

| {{l|snon|èth}}

| eta, éta

| äta

|-

|76

Line 2,326:

Line 2,668:

| fugl

| {{l|snon|fùghl}}

| fugl

| fågel, fogel

|-

|94

Line 2,355:

Line 2,699:

| í

| {{l|snon|i}}

| í

| i

|-

|99

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Scots Norse
-|nativename=Agharsc
+|nativename=Aghiarsc
-|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk
+|pronunciation=ˈɑ.ɪɾsk
 |ethnicity=Norse Scots
 |states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |created=April 3rd, 2026
 |setting=
-|stand1={{l|snon|Agharsc Shorchas}}
+|stand1={{l|snon|Aghiarsc Shorchas}}
 |dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]
 |dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]
 |familycolor=Indo-European
 |nation=Scotland
-|speakers=(L1) 2,000
+|speakers=(L1) 2,500
 |speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
-|date=2019
+|date=2020
 |map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
 |mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
+Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Aghiarsc}} /ˈɑ.ɪɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
 Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
-Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.
+Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Aghiarsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.
 ==Classification==
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.
+==Development==
+The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
+===Pre-Scots Norse===
+*/ɣ/ > /g/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|aga}} /ɑ.ɣɑ/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑ.ɡɑ/ (later /ɑː.ɡə/)
+*/rl/ > /lː/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|jarl}} /jɑrl/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /jɑlː/ (later /jɑl/)
+*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|beðr}} /be.ðr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /beː.ðr̩/ (later /beː.də/)
+*/ɔ/ > /ø/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|nǫs}} /nɔs/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /nøs/
+*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. Geminated sonorants are also shortened when word-final.
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|þykkr}} /θyk.kr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /θy.kr̩/ (later /ty.kə/)
+*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|askr}} /ɑs.kr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑs.kə/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|systir}} /sys.tir/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /sys.tə/
+*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|bogi}} /bo.ɡi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /boː.ɡʲə/
+*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|hvelpr}} /hwel.pr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /vel.pə/
+*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f].
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|vestr}} /wes.tr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ves.tə/
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|arfa}} [ɑr.vɑ] > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> [ɑr.fɑ]
+*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
+*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, øː, eː/
+*merger of /ɛ/ and /e/
+*e > ja occasionally when from Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
+*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/
+*Word-final nasals to /N/, which defaults to /n/ but seems to freely assimilate to whatever follows it.
+===Sudrey Norse===
+*unstressed vowels to /ə/.
+*(Eastern only) /ɑ(ː)/ > /æ(ː)/
+*development of slender/broad/plain distinction
+*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel
+*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants.
+*sandhi effects develop
+**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?)
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/
+**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
+*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jo(ː), ju(ː)/ have become /ɤ(ː), ɯ(ː)/.
+*several palatalized sounds shift:
+**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ç, ʝ/
+*global /h/-/x/ merger
+===Modern Scots Norse===
+*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/
+*/gl, lg/ > /l/, with the lost /g/ shifting the vowel to a back unround.
+**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus.
+*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/.
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/
+*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination.
+*Probably under outside influence, /θ, ð/ merge with /x, ɣ/.
+*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects.
+::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/
+*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 125: / Line 182: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
-! rowspan=2 |
+! rowspan=3 |
-! colspan=2 | front
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | front
-! colspan=2 | back
+! colspan=4 | back
+|-
+! colspan=2 | unround
+! colspan=2 | round
 |-
+! short
+! long
 ! short
 ! long
@@ Line 135: / Line 197: @@
 |-
 ! High
-| ɪ
 | i
-| ɤ
+| iː
+| ɯ
+| ɯː
 | u
+| uː
 |-
 ! Mid
-| ɛ
 | e
-| ɔ
+| eː
+| ɤ
+| ɤː
 | o
+| oː
 |-
 ! Low
 |
 |
-| ə
 | ɑ
+| ɑː
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 158: / Line 224: @@
 Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.
 ==Mutation==
 Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.
@@ Line 174: / Line 241: @@
 ==Orthography==
-(updated to "bh")
+(updated up to "cn")
 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 ! colspan=5 | Consonants
@@ Line 192: / Line 259: @@
 |-
 | before back vowel
-| {{IPA|/pj/}}
+| {{IPA|/bj/}}
 | {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}
 |-
@@ Line 216: / Line 283: @@
 | {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
 |-
-| rowspan=8 | '''c'''
+| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
-| rowspan=4 | broad
+| colspan=2 | broad
-| initially, or non-finally after consonant
-| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|cas}} {{IPA|/kʰas̪/}}, {{lang|gd|cam}} {{IPA|/kʰaum/}}
-|-
-| between vowels
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰk/}}
-| {{lang|gd|bacadh}} {{IPA|/ˈpaʰkəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|mucan}} {{IPA|/ˈmuʰkən/}}
-|-
-| finally after vowel
-| {{lang|gd|mac}} {{IPA|/maʰk/}}
-|-
-| finally after consonant
 | {{IPA|/k/}}
-| {{lang|gd|corc}} {{IPA|/kʰɔɾʰk/}}
+| {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}}
 |-
-| rowspan=4 | slender
+| colspan=2 | slender
-| initially or after consonant
+| {{IPA|/c/}}
-| {{IPA|/kʰʲ/}}
+| {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|ceòl}} {{IPA|/kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}
-|-
-| between vowels
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰkʲ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|lice}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰkʲə/}}, {{lang|gd|brice}} {{IPA|/ˈpɾʲiʰkʲə/}}
-|-
-| finally after vowel
-| {{lang|gd|mic}} {{IPA|/miʰkʲ/}}
-|-
-| finally after consonant
-| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|cuilc}} {{IPA|/kʰulʰkʲ/}}
 |-
 | rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
 | colspan=2 | broad
 | {{IPA|/x/}}
-| {{lang|gd|loch}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɔx/}}, {{lang|gd|dòchas}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔːxəs̪/}}
+| {{l|snon|loch}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔx/}}, {{l|snon|Fràch}} {{IPA|/ˈfɾɑx/}}
 |-
 | colspan=2 | slender
 | {{IPA|/ç/}}
-| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|/tʲeç/}}, {{lang|gd|dìcheall}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲiːçəl̪ˠ/}}
+| {{l|snon|loech}} {{IPA|/ˈɫɔç/}}, {{l|snon|dìchial}} {{IPA|/ˈdi.çəɫ/}}
 |-
 | colspan=3 | '''chd'''
 | {{IPA|/xk/}}
-| {{lang|gd|lionntachd}} {{IPA|/ˈʎuːn̪ˠt̪əxk/}}, {{lang|gd|doimhneachd}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔiɲəxk/}}
+| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}, {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
 |-
 | colspan=3 | '''cn'''
-| {{IPA|/kʰɾ/}}
+| {{IPA|/kɾ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|cneap}} {{IPA|/kʰɾʲɛʰp/}}, {{lang|gd|cneasta}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɾʲes̪t̪ə/}}
+| {{l|snon|cnà}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɑ/}}
 |-
 | rowspan=2 | '''d'''
@@ Line 607: / Line 650: @@
 Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
+A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.
+*red: the ending.
+*blue: the mutation.
+*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)
+*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for nouns and prepositions)
 ===Nominals===
 ====Nouns====
-Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
+Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes from the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
+Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
+=====Masculines=====
 The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
 {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
 ! rowspan=3 |
-! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy")
+! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veálp}} ("puppy")
 ! rowspan=11 class=separator |
 ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
@@ Line 632: / Line 682: @@
 |-
 ! direct
-| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
+| velp <sup>L</sup>
-| velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| velp<span style="color:red">ear</span>
-| a
+| a <sup>E</sup>
 | ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
-| alm
+| alm <sup>L</sup>
 | alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
 |-
 ! genitive
 | velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
+| ve<span style="color:red">á</span>l<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | a<span style="color:red">z</span>
-| angh
+| a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | al<span style="color:red">z</span>
-| almh
+| al<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 ! dative
-| velph
+| vel<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| velph<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| vel<span style="color:purple">ph</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
+| a<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
+| a<span style="color:red">i</span>l<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| al<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 |
@@ Line 668: / Line 718: @@
 |-
 ! direct
-| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
+| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>elp <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ear</span>
-| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
+| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a <sup>E</sup>
 | hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
-| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm
+| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm <sup>L</sup>
 | hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
 |-
 ! genitive
 | hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
+| hiánh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">á</span>l<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
-| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>angh
+| hiánh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | hiz al<span style="color:red">z</span>
-| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>almh
+| hiánh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>al<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 ! dative
-| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
+| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>el<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>el<span style="color:purple">ph</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
+| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span><span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
+| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>l<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>al<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}}
 While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.
@@ Line 718: / Line 768: @@
 |-
 ! direct
-| día
+| dia  <sup>L</sup>
-| díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
+| diath<span style="color:red">an</span>
 | loch
 | loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
 |
@@ Line 726: / Line 776: @@
 |-
 ! genitive
-| día<span style="color:red">s</span>
+| dia<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| día
+| dia<span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| loch
+| loch <sup>L</sup>
 |
 |
 |-
 ! dative
-| día
+| dia<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| díath<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| dia<span style="color:purple">dh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
+| lo<span style="color:red">i</span>ch <sup>L</sup>
-| loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| loch<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |
 |
@@ Line 754: / Line 804: @@
 |-
 ! direct
-| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía
+| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ia <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhar díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
+| hìnhar diath<span style="color:red">an</span>
 | hi loch
 | hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
@@ Line 762: / Line 812: @@
 |-
 ! genitive
-| hiz día<span style="color:red">s</span>
+| hiz dia<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ía
+| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ia<span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup>
 | hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| hionh loch
+| hionh loch <sup>L</sup>
 | hiz
 | hionh
 |-
 ! dative
-| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía
+| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ia<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>íath<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía<span style="color:purple">dh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
+| hình lo<span style="color:red">i</span>ch <sup>L</sup>
-| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
+| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
 | hình
 | hìnhu
@@ Line 790: / Line 840: @@
 |-
 ! nominative
-| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
+| sèl <sup>L</sup>
 | sèl
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">ear</span>
 |-
 ! genitive
-| sèl<span style="color:red">sh</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">s</span>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">ear</span>
-| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
+| sè<span style="color:red">a</span>l <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 ! dative
-| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>E</sup>
+| sè<span style="color:red">a</span>l <sup>E</sup>
 | sèl <sup>L</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">iu</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=4 |
+| class=separator colspan=2 |
+| class=blank-end-row colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
 |-
 ! comparative
+| sèl<span style="color:red">ear</span> <sup>L</sup>
+|-
+| class=separator colspan=4 |
+|-
+! superlative
 ! masculine
 ! feminine
 ! plural
 |-
-! nom./gen.
+! nominative
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">east</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">iust</span>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">eastar</span>
+|-
+! genitive
+| sèl<span style="color:red">easts</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">eastar</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">east</span> <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 ! dative
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">iust</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">eaist</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">uru</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| sèl<span style="color:red">iustu</span> <sup>E</sup>
+|-
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Regular adjective (teuch)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! positive
+! masculine
+! feminine
+! plural
+|-
+! nominative
+| teuch <sup>L</sup>
+| teuch
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ar</span>
+|-
+! genitive
+| teuch<span style="color:red">s</span>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ear</span>
+| teuch <sup>L</sup>
+|-
+! dative
+| teuch <sup>E</sup>
+| teu<span style="color:red">i</span>ch <sup>L</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
+|-
+| class=separator colspan=2 |
+| class=blank-end-row colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
+|-
+! comparative
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ar</span> <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 | class=separator colspan=4 |
@@ Line 829: / Line 919: @@
 |-
 ! nominative
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ust</span>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">astar</span>
 |-
 ! genitive
-| sèl<span style="color:red">asts</span>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">asts</span>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">astar</span>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
 |-
 ! dative
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ust</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">aist</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| sèl<span style="color:red">ustu</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| teuch<span style="color:red">ustu</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
@@ Line 914: / Line 1,004: @@
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
-====Numerals====
+===Prepositions===
-{|class="wikitable"
+Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.
-!1
-|{{l|snon|è}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
+! plain
+! emphatic
 |-
-!2
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| til<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
+|-
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
+| til<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
+! class=secondary | ''m''
+| til<span style="color:red">az</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+|-
+! class=secondary | ''f''
+| til<span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+|-
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| til<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-!3
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-|{{l|snon|trì}}
+| til<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
-!4
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-|{{l|snon|fiòer}}
+| til<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
 |-
-!5
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-|{{l|snon|fi}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
+! plain
+! emphatic
 |-
-!6
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-|{{l|snon|siach}}
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| vid<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
 |-
-!7
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-|{{l|snon|siò}}
+| vid<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
 |-
-!8
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
-|{{l|snon|àth}}
+! class=secondary | ''m''
+| vid<span style="color:red">az</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-!9
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-|{{l|snon|niù}}
+| vid<span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-!10
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
-|{{l|snon|tiù}}
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| vid<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-!11
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-|{{l|snon|eliovh}}
+| vid<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
-!12
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-|{{l|snon|tòlv}}
+| vid<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
 |-
-|}
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-===Prepositions===
-Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
-{{snon-infl-prep|til}}
+! plain
-{{snon-infl-prep|vid}}
+! emphatic
-{{snon-infl-prep|frà|len=y}}
-{{snon-infl-prep|ì|len=y}}
-{{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}}
-{{snon-infl-prep|anh|n=y}}
-===Verbs===
-Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
-Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
-! present
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
+! class=secondary | ''m''
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-! colspan=2 | positive
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-! class=secondary | personal
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-! class=secondary | personal
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+! plain
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+! emphatic
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! class=secondary | ''m''
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-| tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-| tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
+! plain
+! emphatic
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| tàl
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
+! class=secondary | ''m''
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
-! present
+|-
-! past
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-! future
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-! conditional
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+|-
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
+! plain
+! emphatic
 |-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-! colspan=2 | positive
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | personal
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-! class=secondary | personal
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
-! class=secondary | impersonal
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
-! class=secondary | pres.
+! class=secondary | ''m''
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+! colspan=2 | 1st
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+|-
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
+| anh<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+|-
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
+|-
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
+===Verbs===
+Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and conditional (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.
+The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
+| colspan=4 | tàl(<span style="color:red">áich</span>)
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! colspan=2 | pres. part.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| colspan=4 | tàl<span style="color:red">áin</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | past part.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| colspan=4 | tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-| mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! class=secondary | personal
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+! class=secondary | impersonal
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+! class=secondary | personal
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+! class=secondary | impersonal
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áireu</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áireu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | past
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | fut.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | cond.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | past
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | fut.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | cond.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | imp.
-| mèl
+| tàl
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-! present
+| colspan=4 | mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! colspan=2 | pres. part.
-| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
+| colspan=4 | mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! colspan=2 | past part.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| colspan=4 | mèl<span style="color:red">eadh</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
 | class=separator colspan=9 |
@@ Line 1,233: / Line 1,368: @@
 ! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhir</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhist</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhist</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | cont.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ireu</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ireu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ireu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ireu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">isteu</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">isteu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">isteu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">isteu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | perf.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">iriò</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">iriò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">iriò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">iriò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">istiò</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istiò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istiò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istiò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | imp.
-| àgh
+| mèl
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom}}
-====''i-''negatives====
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
+| colspan=4 | àgh(<span style="color:red">áich</span>)
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
-! present
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! colspan=2 | pres. part.
-| bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| colspan=4 | àgh<span style="color:red">áin</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! colspan=2 | past part.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| colspan=4 | àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
 | class=separator colspan=9 |
@@ Line 1,349: / Line 1,472: @@
 ! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | cont.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áireu</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áireu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | perf.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | imp.
-| bì
+| àgh
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+====''i-''negatives====
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.
-! present
-! past
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! future
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-! conditional
+| colspan=4 | bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! colspan=2 | pres. part.
-| vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| colspan=4 | bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! colspan=2 | past part.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| colspan=4 | bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
 | class=separator colspan=9 |
@@ Line 1,462: / Line 1,579: @@
 ! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | cont.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | perf.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | imp.
-| vèr
+| bì
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom}}
-==Syntax==
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-===Word order===
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
+| colspan=4 | vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
-#Preverbal particle(s)
+|-
-#Verb
+! colspan=2 | pres. part.
-#Postverbal particle(s)
+| colspan=4 | vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>
-#Subject
+|-
-#Preposition(s) (usually)
+! colspan=2 | past part.
-#Direct object or predicate adjective
+| colspan=4 | vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-#Indirect object
+|-
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-An example:
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-| èthir mic hi màth.
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| I eat the food.
+|-
-}}
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
-Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
-Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
-|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì
+! class=secondary | pres.
-|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-|
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-}}
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-===Questions and answers===
+|-
-Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
+! class=secondary | past
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| Will you speak with me?
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-}}
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
+! class=secondary | fut.
-| ègh
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| NEG
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| I won't
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-}}
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+|-
-Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
+! class=secondary | cond.
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| Will you eat dinner with me?
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-}}
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
-| ghià!
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| AFF
+| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| I will!
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-}}
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".
+|-
+! class=secondary | past
-==="To be"===
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-====Existential ''bì''====
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|-
-|bì'ir Gud
+! class=secondary | fut.
-|EXIST.PRES God.DIR
+| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-|God exists
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-}}
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|-
-|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh
+! class=secondary | cond.
-|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-|the apples are on the table
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-}}
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! class=secondary | pres.
-====Copulative ''vèr''====
+| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-|vèrir mic sèl
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-|COP.PRES 1sg happy
+|-
-|I am happy
+! class=secondary | past
-}}
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | fut.
+| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | cond.
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+|-
+! colspan=2 | imp.
+| vèr
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span>
+|-
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+==Syntax==
+===Word order===
+Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
+#Preverbal particle(s)
+#Verb
+#Postverbal particle(s)
+#Subject
+#Preposition(s) (usually)
+#Direct object or predicate adjective
+#Indirect object
-"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
+An example:
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
+| èthir mic hi màth.
-:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"
+| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
-:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
+| I eat the food.
-"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)
-|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz
-|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M
-|He is happy
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)
+Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
-|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh
-|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F
-|She is beautiful
-}}
-===Evidentiality===
+Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".
-Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì
+|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS
+|
+}}
-The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:
+===Questions and answers===
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
-|crevhir me màth
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?
-|humans require food
+| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg
+| Will you speak with me?
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
-|crevhir bìthich me màth
+| è
-|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+| NEG
-|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)
+| I won't
 }}
-The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:
+Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù
+| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?
-|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR
+| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP
-|the dog has healed (and I saw it)
+| Will you eat dinner with me?
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6
+| ghià!
+| AFF
+| I will!
 }}
-The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):
+As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh
+==="To be"===
-|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT
+====Existential ''bì''====
-|they went to church (so I was told)
+Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|bì'ir Gud
+|EXIST.PRES God.DIR
+|God exists
 }}
-To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh
-|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh
+|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT
-|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT
+|the apples are on the table
-|he went home
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh
+''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
-|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
-|(I saw that) he went home
+====Copulative ''vèr''====
-}}
+The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)
-|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh
+|vèrir mic sèl
-|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
+|COP.PRES 1sg happy
-|(I was told that) he went home
+|I am happy
 }}
-==Texts==
+"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
-===UDHR Article 1===
-:'''Original (English)'''
-All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
-:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''
+When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
-Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
+:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"
+:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
-:'''Scots Norse'''
+"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
-vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)
-:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
+|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz
+|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M
+|He is happy
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)
+|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh
+|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F
+|She is beautiful
+}}
+===Evidentiality===
+Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.
-===The Cold Winter is Near===
+The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-! Scots Norse
+|crevhir me màth
-!
+|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR
-! English
+|humans require food
-|-
+}}
-| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-| &emsp;
+|crevhir bìthich me màth
-| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.
+|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR
-|-
+|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)
-| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.
+}}
-|
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.
-|-
-| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!
-|
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!
-|-
-| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.
-|
-| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.
-|-
-| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!
-|
-| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.
-|-
-| ò, 's sùp varm!
-|
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!
-|}
-==Vocabulary==
+The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:
-===Phrasebook===
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-===Numerals===
+|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù
-===Colors===
+|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR
-===Time===
+|the dog has healed (and I saw it)
-===Lexical comparison===
+}}
-====Leipzig-Jakarta====
-{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
+The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):
-|-
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List
+|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh
-|-
+|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT
-! Rank
+|they went to church (so I was told)
-! English
+}}
-! Old Norse
-! Scots Norse
+To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.
-! Icelandic
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-! Swedish
+|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh
-|-
+|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT
-|1
+|he went home
-| fire
+}}
-| eldr
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-| {{l|snon|eld}}
+|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh
-| eldur
+|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
-| eld
+|(I saw that) he went home
-|-
+}}
-|2
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-| nose
+|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh
-| nǫs
+|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
-| {{l|snon|nas}}
+|(I was told that) he went home
-| nös
+}}
-| nas
-|-
+==Texts==
-|3
+===UDHR Article 1===
-| to go
+:'''Original (English)'''
-| ganga
+All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
-| {{l|snon|gangh}}
-| ganga
+:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''
-| gånga
+Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
+:'''Scots Norse'''
+vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.
+:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
+===The Cold Winter is Near===
+{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+! Scots Norse
+!
+! English
 |-
-|4
+| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.
-| water
+| &emsp;
-| vatn
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.
-| {{l|snon|vat}}
-| vatn
-| vatten
 |-
-|5
+| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.
-| mouth (body)</br>(river)
+|
-| munnr</br>mynni
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.
-| {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}}
+|-
-| munnur, mynni
+| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!
-| mun, mynne
+|
-|-
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!
-|6
+|-
-| tongue
+| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.
-| tunga
+|
-| {{l|snon|tung}}
+| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.
-| tunga
+|-
-| tunga
+| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.
+|-
+| ò, 's sùp varm!
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!
+|}
+==Vocabulary==
+===Phrasebook===
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! Scots Norse
+! English
+! Usage notes
+|-
+| {{l|snon|velcùmha}}
+| welcome
+| style="font-style:italic;" |
+|-
+| {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl)
+| good morning
+| rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender
+|-
+| {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl)
+| good evening
+|-
+| {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl)
+| good day, (formal) hello
+|-
+| {{l|snon|farvel}}
+| farewell, goodbye
+|-
+| {{l|snon|halò}}
+| hello, hi
+| rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual
+|-
+| {{l|snon|bái}}
+| (good)bye
+|-
+|}
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
+|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
+! Scots Norse
+! English
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?
+| what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what name have you?")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}
+| my name is... <small>''(lit. "I have the name...")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?
+| how are you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?
+| I am [adj], and you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?
+| where are you from?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...
+| I am from...
+|}
+===Numerals===
+{|class="wikitable"
+!1
+|{{l|snon|è}}
+|-
+!2
+|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
+|-
+!3
+|{{l|snon|trì}}
+|-
+!4
+|{{l|snon|feòr}}
+|-
+!5
+|{{l|snon|fi}}
+|-
+!6
+|{{l|snon|seach}}
+|-
+!7
+|{{l|snon|seò}}
+|-
+!8
+|{{l|snon|àth}}
+|-
+!9
+|{{l|snon|neù}}
+|-
+!10
+|{{l|snon|teù}}
+|-
+!11
+|{{l|snon|eliáfh}}
+|-
+!12
+|{{l|snon|tòlf}}
+|-
+|}
+===Colors===
+{{Table:colors/snon}}
+===Time===
+===Lexical comparison===
+====Leipzig-Jakarta====
+{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
+|-
+! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List
+|-
+! Rank
+! English
+! Old Norse
+! Scots Norse
+! Icelandic
+! Swedish
+|-
+|1
+| fire
+| eldr
+| {{l|snon|eld}}
+| eldur
+| eld
+|-
+|2
+| nose
+| nǫs
+| {{l|snon|nas}}
+| nös
+| nas
+|-
+|3
+| to go
+| ganga
+| {{l|snon|gangh}}
+| ganga
+| gånga
+|-
+|4
+| water
+| vatn
+| {{l|snon|vat}}
+| vatn
+| vatten
+|-
+|5
+| mouth (body)</br>(river)
+| munnr</br>mynni
+| {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}}
+| munnur</br>mynni
+| mun</br>mynne
+|-
+|6
+| tongue
+| tunga
+| {{l|snon|tung}}
+| tunga
+| tunga
 |-
 |7
@@ Line 1,858: / Line 2,179: @@
 |16
 | louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
-|
+| lús
-|
+| {{l|snon|lùs}}
-|
+| lús
+| lus
 |-
 |17
 | wing
-|
+| vængr
-|
+| {{l|snon|vèngh}}
-|
+| vængur
+| vinge
 |-
 |18
 | flesh/meat
-|
+| hold
-|
+| {{l|snon|hold}}
-|
+| hold
+| hull
 |-
 |19
@@ Line 1,883: / Line 2,207: @@
 |20
 | fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
-|
+| fluga
-|
+| {{l|snon|flùgh}}
-|
+| fluga
+| fluga
 |-
 |21
@@ Line 1,896: / Line 2,221: @@
 |22
 | ear
-|
+| eyra
-|
+| {{l|snon|or}}
-|
+| eyra
+| ör(a)
 |-
 |23
 | neck
-|
+| hals
-|
+| {{l|snon|hàls}}
-|
+| háls
+| hals
 |-
 |24
 | far (prep.)
-|
+| fjarri
-|
+| {{l|snon|fiaer}}
-|
+| fjarri
+| fjärran
 |-
 |25
 | to do/make
-|
+| gera
-|
+| {{l|snon|gèor}}
-|
+| gera, gjöra
+| göra
 |-
 |26
@@ Line 1,966: / Line 2,295: @@
 | einn
 | {{l|snon|è}}
+| einn
+| en
 |-
 |34
@@ Line 1,977: / Line 2,308: @@
 | hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat
 | {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}}
+| hann</br>hún, hón
+| han</br>hon
 |-
 |36
@@ Line 2,106: / Line 2,439: @@
 | eigi
 | {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}
+| eigi, ei, ekki
+| ej, icke
 |-
 |57
@@ Line 2,118: / Line 2,453: @@
 | kunna</br>(a person) kenna
 | {{l|snon|cunh}}
+| kunna
+| kunna
 |-
 |59
@@ Line 2,177: / Line 2,514: @@
 | feldr</br> skinn, húð
 | {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}
+| feldur
+| fäll
 |-
 |69
@@ Line 2,210: / Line 2,549: @@
 |74
 | old
-|
+| gamall
 | {{l|snon|ald}}
-|
+| gamall
+| gammal
 |-
 |75
@@ Line 2,218: / Line 2,558: @@
 | eta
 | {{l|snon|èth}}
+| eta, éta
+| äta
 |-
 |76
@@ Line 2,326: / Line 2,668: @@
 | fugl
 | {{l|snon|fùghl}}
+| fugl
+| fågel, fogel
 |-
 |94
@@ Line 2,355: / Line 2,699: @@
 | í
 | {{l|snon|i}}
+| í
+| i
 |-
 |99