Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

|nativename=Agharsc

|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk

|stand1={{l|snon|Agharsc Shorchas}}

|speakers=(L1) 2,000

|date=2019

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.

! rowspan=2 |  

! colspan=2 | front

! colspan=2 | back

| ɤ

| ɔ

(updated to "bh")

| {{IPA|/pj/}}

| rowspan=8 | '''c'''

| rowspan=4 | broad

| {{lang|gd|corc}} {{IPA|/kʰɔɾʰk/}}

| rowspan=4 | slender

| {{IPA|/kʰʲ/}}

| {{lang|gd|ceòl}} {{IPA|/kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}

| {{lang|gd|cuilc}} {{IPA|/kʰulʰkʲ/}}

| {{lang|gd|loch}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɔx/}}, {{lang|gd|dòchas}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔːxəs̪/}}

| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|/tʲeç/}}, {{lang|gd|dìcheall}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲiːçəl̪ˠ/}}

| {{lang|gd|lionntachd}} {{IPA|/ˈʎuːn̪ˠt̪əxk/}}, {{lang|gd|doimhneachd}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔiɲəxk/}}

| {{IPA|/kʰɾ/}}

| {{lang|gd|cneap}} {{IPA|/kʰɾʲɛʰp/}}, {{lang|gd|cneasta}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɾʲes̪t̪ə/}}

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy")

| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp

| velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| a

| alm

| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph

| angh

| almh

| velph

| velph<span style="color:red">u</span>

| a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh

| angh<span style="color:red">u</span>

| a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh

| almh<span style="color:red">u</span>

| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp

| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a

| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm

| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph

| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>angh

| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>almh

| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph

| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph<span style="color:red">u</span>

| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh

| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>angh<span style="color:red">u</span>

| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh

| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh<span style="color:red">u</span>

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}

| día

| díath<span style="color:red">an</span>

| loch

| día<span style="color:red">s</span>

| día

| loch

| día

| díath<span style="color:red">u</span>

| lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch

| loch<span style="color:red">u</span>

| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía

| hìnhar díath<span style="color:red">an</span>

| hiz día<span style="color:red">s</span>

| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ía

| hionh loch

| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía

| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>íath<span style="color:red">u</span>

| hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch

| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span>

| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l ^L

| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">sh</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l ^L

| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l ^E

| sèl<span style="color:red">u</span> ^E

| class=separator colspan=4 |

! nom./gen.

| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">uru</span> ^E

| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> ^L

| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">asts</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>

| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> ^L

| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span> ^E

| sèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> ^L

| sèl<span style="color:red">ustu</span> ^E

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)

| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>

! colspan=2 | participle

| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)

| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>

! colspan=2 | participle

| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)

| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span>

! colspan=2 | participle

| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)

| bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span>

! colspan=2 | participle

| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>

| bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span>

| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)

| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>

| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span>

! colspan=2 | participle

| vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>

| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span>

| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>

Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:

| ègh

! Gothevian

|{{l|snon|fiòer}}

|{{l|snon|siach}}

|{{l|snon|siò}}

|{{l|snon|niù}}

|{{l|snon|tiù}}

|{{l|snon|eliovh}}

|{{l|snon|tòlv}}

| munnur, mynni

| mun, mynne

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