Ŧœlsin: Difference between revisions
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! !! Definite !! Indefinite | ! !! Definite !! Indefinite | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Singular Masculine|| êl (''ê'' before a consonant) || one (''on'' before a vowel) | | Singular Masculine|| êl /ɛl/ (''ê'' /ɛ/ before a consonant) || one /one/ (''on'' /on/ before a vowel) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Singular Feminine|| la (''la''' | | Singular Feminine|| la /la/ (''la''' /l/ before a vowel)|| ona /ona/ (''ona''' /ɔn/ before a vowel) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plural Masculine || lecͪ || onec (''onc''), dalecͪ<sup>1</sup> | | Plural Masculine || lecͪ /le/ || onec /ones/ (''onc''), dalecͪ<sup>1</sup> /dale/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plural Feminine || lecͪ || onac, dalecͪ<sup>1</sup> | | Plural Feminine || lecͪ /le/ || onac /onas/, dalecͪ<sup>1</sup> /dale/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup>Dalecͪ is a contraction of dal (partitive article) and the plural definite article lecͪ. It serves | <sup>1</sup>Dalecͪ is a contraction of dal (partitive article) and the plural definite article lecͪ. It serves with nouns of different genders. | ||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
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The comparative of equality (as ... as ...) uses an anlytical construction : | The comparative of equality (as ... as ...) uses an anlytical construction : | ||
*talnt + ADJ + az ke | *talnt + ADJ + az ke | ||
Superlatives (''the most ... ; the least ...'')are indicated with prefixes : | Superlatives (''the most ... ; the least ...'') are indicated with prefixes : | ||
*Superlative of superiority : (êl, la) li+ADJ | *Superlative of superiority : (êl, la) li+ADJ | ||
*Superlative of inferiority : (êl, la) mi+ADJ | *Superlative of inferiority : (êl, la) mi+ADJ | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs inflect in tense, mood, person and animatedness. There are four moods : two realis moods, the indicative and the so-called absolute (corresponds mostly to a gnomic aspect), and two irrealis moods, the conditional and the imperative. There are seven « persons » : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the polite person. | Verbs inflect in tense, mood, person and animatedness. There are four moods : two realis moods, the indicative and the so-called absolute (corresponds mostly to a gnomic aspect), and two irrealis moods, the conditional and the imperative. There are seven « persons » : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the polite person. | ||
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*(Main clause +) Subject + Particle ke? or dake? + Verb (infinitive) | *(Main clause +) Subject + Particle ke? or dake? + Verb (infinitive) | ||
Past subjunctive uses | Past subjunctive also uses the same structure, only the past infinitive is used. Information about what constitutes a past infinitive seems to be missing. | ||
The conditional and the subjunctive have the same form for both animate and inanimate subjects. However, with the subjunctive, it is more common to use « dake? » for animated subjects and « ke? » for inanimate subjects. | The conditional and the subjunctive have the same form for both animate and inanimate subjects. However, with the subjunctive, it is more common to use « dake? » for animated subjects and « ke? » for inanimate subjects. | ||
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! !! Animate !! Inanimate | ! !! Animate !! Inanimate | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Present || -ƿ /wi/ ( | | Present || -ƿ /wi/ (-ƿ̈ /wij/)<sup>1</sup> || -ƿ̃ /wi:/ (-ƿ̈ /wij/)<sup>1</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Past || -Cild /ild/ ; -Vld /ld/ || -Cĩld /i:ld/ ; -Ṽld /:ld/ | | Past || -Cild /ild/ ; -Vld /ld/<sup>2</sup> || -Cĩld /i:ld/ ; -Ṽld /:ld/<sup>2</sup> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Where C stands for a verb stem ending in a consonant, and V for a verb stem ending in a vowel. | <sup>1</sup>If the verb stems already ends in -ƿ, then the underlying -ƿƿ coalesces into -ƿ̈. | ||
<sup>2</sup>Where C stands for a verb stem ending in a consonant, and V for a verb stem ending in a vowel. | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. | Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. | ||
*One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used | *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used in some constructions, for instance the "subjunctive". It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is an animate, temporary being/thing (particle "dake?") or an inanimate, everlasting thing (particle "ke?"). They are always written with question marks (no space between the particle and the question mark, contrarily to the use of question mark in interrogative sentences) but that does not influence the intonation. | ||
*The genitive particle « dœ » is suffixed to the possessor noun/pronoun. In general the scheme is « POSSESSOR-dœ POSSESSED » but this order can be inversed (« possessed possessor-dœ »). | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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*Negation : | *Negation : | ||
Negation is constructed with the negative word « ne », placed before both the subject and the verb : | Negation is constructed with the negative word « ne », placed before both the subject and the verb : | ||
ne + Subject + Conjugated Verb (+ complement) | |||
"Ne æ̊ cƿa one măcko" : I am not a man. | |||
*Questions : | *Questions : | ||
Interrogation is constructed with an interrogative particle, « deme », placed in the beginning of the sentence : | Interrogation is constructed with an interrogative particle, « deme », placed in the beginning of the sentence : | ||
deme + Subject + Conjugated Verb (+ complement) + ? (or deme + Verb, 3rd person + Subject + ?) | |||
"Deme æ̊ cƿa one măcko ?" or "Deme cƿat æ̊ one măcko ?" : Am I a man ? | |||
If there is an interrogative word (ex. : « don », where, here), it is inserted between the deme particle and the subject/verb. | If there is an interrogative word (ex. : « don », where, here), it is inserted between the deme particle and the subject/verb. | ||
"Deme don æ̊ cƿa ?" : Where am I ? | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
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Dependent clauses are introduced by the particles ke? or dake?, depending on the subject of the dependent clause being rather animate/temporary or inanimate/everlasting. When there is to be a subjunctive, the said subject precedes the particle (see Subjunctive). | Dependent clauses are introduced by the particles ke? or dake?, depending on the subject of the dependent clause being rather animate/temporary or inanimate/everlasting. When there is to be a subjunctive, the said subject precedes the particle (see Subjunctive). | ||
== | ==Informal Ŧœlsin== | ||
Some features of the everyday, casual Ŧœlsin speaking include : | |||
Contractions of the verb "to be" (when using the 3rd person construction) | |||
I am – Cƿat æ̊ => Cw͠atqa ['swatʃa] | |||
You are, sg. – Cƿat tw => Cw͠attw ['swat:u] | |||
He is – Cƿat æ => Cw͠atæ [swataj], Cw͠adæ [swadaj] | |||
She is – Cƿat mæ => Cw͠amæ [swamaj] | |||
We are – Cƿna cæ̊n => Cw͠inan [swinan], Cw͠iæ̊n [swijan], Cwæ̊n [sujan] | |||
You are, pl. – Cƿna vw => Civw [sivu], Cƿnw [swinu] | |||
They are, m. – Cƿna cæ => Cinæ [sinaj], cƿinæ [swinaj] | |||
They are, f. – Cƿna mæcͪ => Cimæcͪ [simaj], Cƿimæcͪ [swimaj] | |||
You are, polite – Cƿe* ææ̊ => Cw͠eæ̊ [sweja], Cw͠eiæ̊ ['swej:a] | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Tolsian]] | |||