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TolsienS: Difference between revisions

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===Consonants===
===Consonants===


==Consonants==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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Ç ç /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ç ç /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ù ù /β/
Ù ù /β/
</poem>


====Spelling rules====
====Spelling rules====
Several diacritics are used in the original script, and the romanization tries to match it with the following rules :
Several diacritics are used in the original script, and the romanization tries to match it with the following rules :


*So-called diphtongs, better described as approximant + vowel or vowel + approximant, are written with the help of a tilde diacritic between <i> and another vowel (to denote /j/) or <o> (or possibly <û>) and another vowel (to denote /w/). For example :
*So-called diphtongs, better described as approximant + vowel or vowel + approximant, are written with the help of a tilde diacritic between <nowiki><i></nowiki> and another vowel (to denote /j/) or <o> (or possibly <û>) and another vowel (to denote /w/). For example :
<poem>
<poem>
i~e /je/
i~e /je/
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*The phoneme /ʀ/ is written r°.
*The phoneme /ʀ/ is written r°.
*A so called "weakening accent" used in the original script to "weaken" a sound (usually making it unpronounced) is romanized with a ^ written after the letter.
*A so called "weakening accent" used in the original script to "weaken" a sound (usually making it unpronounced) is romanized with a ^ written after the letter.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
====Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m <M m>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n <N n>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ <È è>
|colspan="2"| ŋ <Ñ ñ>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| p <P p> b <B b>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| t̚ <Þ þ> t <T t> d <D d>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| k <K k> g <G g>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ <Æ æ> β <Ù ù>
|colspan="2"| f <F f> v <V v>
|colspan="2"| θ <S s> ð <Ð ð>
|colspan="2"| s <C c> z <Z z>
|colspan="2"| ʃ <Q q> ʒ <J j> ɧ̙ʷ <Ç ç>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| χ <X x> ʁ <R r>
|colspan="2"| h <H h>
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| j<sup>1</sup>
|colspan="2"| w<sup>1</sup>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ʀ <R° r°>
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| l <L l>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ᵑg <É é>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
<sup>1</sup>See section on spelling rules.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <I i> y <U u>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u <Û û>
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e <E e> ø <Ë ë>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|o <O o> alt. <Ô ô>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <Ê ê> (œ <Ë ë>) ɛ̃ <Ï ï>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <O o> ɔ̃ <Ö ö>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <A a>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä ä>
|}
 
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
An epenthetic /i/ (between consonants) or an epenthetic /n/ (between vowels) can be insterted between the radical of a verb and its conjugation ending, if the pronunciation is otherwise deemed difficult.
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Verbs===
There are three verb groups, marked with different infinitive endings : the first group, ending in -ü ; the second group, ending in -ar ; and the third, ending in -ôr. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, and person. There are seven persons : 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and a 2POLITE person of politeness (used in both the singular and the plural). Verbs are conjugated by replacing the infinitive ending with a conjugated ending.


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
There are five moods : indicative, absolute, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. Overall, the verbal system is similar to that of French, with some extra moods and tenses.


Nouns
====Indicative====
Adjectives
 
Verbs
{| class="wikitable"
Adverbs
|+ Present
Particles
|-
Derivational morphology
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -a /a/ || -a /a/ || -vêl /vɛl/
|-
| 2SG || -aec /a/ || -ac /as/ || -vego /vego/
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -at /at/ || -vma /vma/
|-
| 1PL || -mmec /m/ || -mûc /mus/ || -vyd /vjɔd/
|-
| 2PL || -tec /t/ || -tic /tis/ || -vemi /vemi/
|-
| 3PL || -aent /w/ || -na /na/ || -vi~ä /vjɑ̃/
|-
| 2POL || -e /e/ || -e /e/ || -và /vaj/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfect
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -tea /ta/ || -ta /ta/ || -loic /lwa/
|-
| 2SG || -teec /te/ || -tac /tas/ || -luac /lwa/
|-
| 3SG || -teat /ta/ || -tat /tat/ || -liait /li(j)e/
|-
| 1PL || -teômc /tɛm/ || -tamo /tamo/ || -limmôc /lim/
|-
| 2PL || -teôtc /te/ || -tati /tati/ || -liat /li(j)a/
|-
| 3PL || -teant /tɑ̃/ || -tana /tana/ || -luônt /ly/
|-
| 2POL || -te /te/ || -te /te/ || -leiônt /le/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Past
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -ai /e/ || -fa /fa/ || -bic /bi/
|-
| 2SG || -ac /a/ || -fac /fas/ || -bic /bi/
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -fat /fat/ || -bit /bi/
|-
| 1PL || -amôc /am/ || -famo /famo/ || -böc /bɔ̃/
|-
| 2PL || -atôc /at/ || -fati /fati/ || -bez /be/
|-
| 3PL || -rent /ʁ/ || -fana /fana/ || -bent /b(ə)/
|-
| 2POL || -ôtôc /at/ || -fe /fe/ || -biôz /bje/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Future
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -rãa /ʁa/ || -ra /ʁa/ || -gamm /gal/
|-
| 2SG || -rãac /ʁa/ || -rac /ʁas/ || -gêmôc /gɛl/
|-
| 3SG || -rãat /ʁa/ || -rat /ʁat/ || -gora /goʁa/
|-
| 1PL || -rãômc /ʁ/ || -ramo /ʁamo/ || -gûônc /gu:/
|-
| 2PL || -rãôtc /ʁe/ || -rati /ʁati/ || -girôc /ʒiʁ/
|-
| 3PL || -rãant /ʁɑ̃/ || -rana /ʁana/ || -ginnôc /ʒin/
|-
| 2POL || -rãe /ʁe/ || -re /ʁe/ || -gin /gin/
|}
 
====Absolute====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -yh /joh/ || -y /jo/ || -c (unpronounced)
|-
| 2SG || -ys /jɔθ/ || -yc /jɔs/ || -c (unpronounced)
|-
| 3SG || -yþ /jɔt̚/ || -yt /jɔt/ || -ct (unpronounced)
|-
| 1PL || -yæ /jɔɸ/ || -yf /jɔf/ || -mmôc /m/
|-
| 2PL || -yj /jɔʒ/ || -yz /jɔz/ || -tôc /t/
|-
| 3PL || -yw /jowi/ || -yn /jɔn/ || -nt (unpronounced)
|-
| 2POL || -yð /jɔð/ || -yô /jo:/ || -tôc /ta/
|}
 
====Imperative====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 2SG || -ac /a/ || -kal /kal/ || -oic /wa/
|-
| 3SG || -at /a/ || -kat /kat/ || -oit /wa/
|-
| 1PL || -awônc /jɔ̃/ || -kamo /kamo/ || -wonc /jɔ̃/
|-
| 2PL || -awôz /je/ || -kati /kati/ || -wôz /je/
|-
| 3PL || -awent /wa/ || -kana /kana/ || -oiônt /wa/
|}
 
====Conditional====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || -rãea /ʁa/ || -o /o/ || -raic /ʁɛ/
|-
| 2SG || -rãeec /ʁe/ || -oc /ɔs/ || -raic /ʁɛ/
|-
| 3SG || -rãeat /ʁa/ || -ot /ɔt/ || -rait /ʁɛ/
|-
| 1PL || -rãeômc /ʁɛm/ || -omûc /omus/ || -ri~onc /ʁjɔ̃/
|-
| 2PL || -rãeôtc /ʁe/ || -otic /otis/ || -ri~ez /ʁje/
|-
| 3PL || -rãeant /ʁɑ̃/ || -ona /ona/ || -raient /ʁɛ/
|-
| 2POL || -rãeôz /ʁe/ || -e /e/ || -ri~ôz /ʁij/
|}
 
====Subjunctive====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfect
|-
! Person !! First groupe !! Second group !! Third group
|-
| 1SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3SG || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 1PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 3PL || Example || Example || Example
|-
| 2POL || Example || Example || Example
|}


-->
====Participles====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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