Skylandic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| boxsize = 26em | | boxsize = 26em | ||
| image = SKL Flag.png | |||
| imagesize = 250px | |||
| imagecaption = The flag of Skyland | |||
| name = Skylandic | | name = Skylandic | ||
| altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais | | altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais | ||
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Skylandic is an '''a posteriori''' language with its vocabularily mostly based on Proto-Germanic and its phonology and orthography based on French. One can say that it explores the question of "How German would look like if it evolved like French?" | Skylandic is an '''a posteriori''' language with its vocabularily mostly based on Proto-Germanic and its phonology and orthography based on French. One can say that it explores the question of "How German would look like if it evolved like French?" | ||
It is also a ''tripartite'' or ERG-ACC language — meaning, it marks the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent and the patient of a transitive verb all differently. | It is also a '''tripartite''' or ERG-ACC language — meaning, it marks the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent and the patient of a transitive verb all differently. | ||
It is inspired by the minority languages like Dungan (a Sinitic language written using the Cyrillic script) and Vilamovian (a Germanic language spelled using the Polish alphabet), and the conlang Venedic (a Romance language evolved to be like Polish). | It is inspired by the minority languages like Dungan (a Sinitic language written using the Cyrillic script) and Vilamovian (a Germanic language spelled using the Polish alphabet), and the conlang Venedic (a Romance language evolved to be like Polish). | ||
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'''Modal Vowels''' | '''Modal Vowels''' | ||
[[File:SKLmodvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | [[File:SKLmodvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''ALLOPHONES'''<br> | '''ALLOPHONES'''<br> | ||
'''1.''' The vowels /i u y/ are often realized as [ɪ ʊ ʏ] inside orthographically closed syllables.<br> | '''1.''' The vowels /i u y/ are often realized as [ɪ ʊ ʏ] inside orthographically closed syllables.<br> | ||
'''2.''' The central mid vowel /ə/ is often pronounced as either [ɘ] or [ø] in stressed syllables, and especially in monosyllabic words like « le » and « de ». <br> | '''2.''' The central mid vowel /ə/ is often pronounced as either [ɘ] or [ø] in stressed syllables, and especially in monosyllabic words like « le » and « de ». <br> | ||
'''3.''' The phoneme sequence /ɛʁ/ is pronounced as the vowel [ɐ] when it comes before a consonant or as a syllable coda. <br> | '''3.''' The phoneme sequence /ɛʁ/ is pronounced as the vowel [ɐ] when it comes before a consonant or as a syllable coda. This allophone is most prominent in the Bernstein regional dialects.<br> | ||
'''Nasal Vowels''' | '''Nasal Vowels''' | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLNvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''ALLOPHONES'''<br> | |||
''' | '''1.''' /ɔ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as [õ], and /ɛ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as a more open [æ̃]. <br> | ||
'''2.''' Contrary to some dialects of French, /ɑ̃/ is never rounded and is still pronounced as [ɑ̃]. Though, some dialects proonounce it as a front [ã]. | |||
=== Liaison and Enchaînement === | === Liaison and Enchaînement === | ||
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'''Enchaînement''' [ɑ̃.ɕɛn.mɑ̃], on the other hand, is a phonological phenomenon where a pronounced final consonant from a word forms its own syllable with the initial vowel of the next word, or when two vowels become one long vowel or a phonetic diphthong. Unlike liaison which is mandatory, enchaînement is just optional and depends on the person speaking. In this phenomenon, the full vowels /i u y/ become the semi-vowels [j w ɥ]. | '''Enchaînement''' [ɑ̃.ɕɛn.mɑ̃], on the other hand, is a phonological phenomenon where a pronounced final consonant from a word forms its own syllable with the initial vowel of the next word, or when two vowels become one long vowel or a phonetic diphthong. Unlike liaison which is mandatory, enchaînement is just optional and depends on the person speaking. In this phenomenon, the full vowels /i u y/ become the semi-vowels [j w ɥ]. | ||
LIAISON: <br> | |||
les House <br> | les House <br> | ||
[le.z‿uz] <br> | [le.z‿uz] <br> | ||
"the house" | "the house" | ||
ENCHAINEMENT:<br> | |||
Tu | Tu ist gout. <br> | ||
[ | [tɥ‿i ɡu] <br> | ||
"You are good." | "You are good." | ||
=== Stress === | === Stress === | ||
Skylandic has no lexical stress. That is, words on their own have no stressed syllable. Instead, it has '''''sentential stress''''' — stress on the sentence level. Stress only appears when words are combined together to form a complete sentence. The stress pattern of Skylandic sentences is always in '''iambs''' — syllable pairs consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In fact, Skylandic poetry is entirely based on this stress pattern but in specific counts — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter iambic pentameter]. <br><br> | Skylandic has no lexical stress. That is, words on their own have no stressed syllable. Instead, it has '''''sentential stress''''' — stress on the sentence level. Stress only appears when words are combined together to form a complete sentence. The stress pattern of Skylandic sentences is always in '''iambs''' — syllable pairs consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In fact, Skylandic poetry is entirely based on this stress pattern but in specific counts — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter iambic pentameter]. An exception would be if the phrase, clause or sentence has an odd number of syllables. The last three syllables ends up being an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapaest anapaest]. <br><br> | ||
'''<big><big>Nauvement Huie Ich Isen | '''<big><big>Nauvement Huie Ich Isen Ont Préseunu.</big></big>'''<br> | ||
[nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''. | [nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''.n‿ɔ̃ ''''pʁe'''.zø'''ˌny'''] <br> | ||
"Exactly How I Planned It." | "Exactly How I Planned It." | ||
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| colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven [elivɑ̃] "to split" | | colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven [elivɑ̃] "to split" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | è, ê || /ɛ/ || g'''ê'''tran [ʑɛtʁɑ̃] " | | colspan=2 | è, ê || /ɛ/ || g'''ê'''tran [ʑɛtʁɑ̃] "yesterday" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t [vo] "world" | | colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t [vo] "world" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/. | <sup>1</sup> Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/. | ||
=== Vowels and Consonants === | === Vowels and Consonants === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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=== Articles === | === Articles === | ||
Because Skylandic nouns don't really decline that much, one must rely on grammatical articles to denote or signify the positional function of a word in a sentence. The articles of Skylandic only decline in number and case. These articles are shown on the image below. | Because Skylandic nouns don't really decline that much, one must rely on grammatical articles to denote or signify the positional function of a word in a sentence. The articles of Skylandic only decline in number and case. These articles are shown on the image below. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLarticles.png|frameless|center|Grammatical articles of Skylandic.]] | ||
'''NOTES:'''<br> | |||
'''1.''' The definite plural ERG article "doux" is from PGmc *þō.<br> | |||
'''2.''' The indefinite DAT article is from Latin « ūnī ».<br> | |||
'''3.''' The indefinite GEN article is from PGmc *ainis. | |||
=== Plural Nouns === | === Plural Nouns === | ||
Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled. | Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled. | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
'''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a final '''- | '''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a silent final '''-s'''. Their GEN.PL forms, though, conjugate by annexing the suffix -'''eune'''.<br> | ||
[[File:SKLnoun1.png|350px|frameless\none]]<br><br> | |||
'''2.''' Nouns ending in -el and -al form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by changing those endings to '''-eux''' and '''-aux''', respectively; and their ERG and DAT plural by changing those endings to '''-euse''' and '''-ause'''. | '''2.''' Nouns ending in -el and -al form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by changing those endings to '''-eux''' and '''-aux''', respectively; and their ERG and DAT plural by changing those endings to '''-euse''' and '''-ause'''. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLnoun2.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''3.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their | '''3.1.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their plurals via umlaut. The ERG and ACC gain an additional « '''-e''' », the GEN gain « '''-es''' », while the DAT gain « '''-ine''' ». [[File:SKLnoun3.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
[[File: | '''3.2.''' Monosyllabic and bisyllabic words that end in a nasal vowel form their ERG, ACC and DAT by annexing « '''-ne''' »; their GEN and INTR by adding « '''-es''' ». | ||
[[File:Noun3b.png|350px|frameless|none]] | |||
'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their | '''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their ERG and ACC by annexing the suffix '''-er''' which is pronounced as [e]; their INTR the silent suffix '''-es'''; their DAT the suffix '''-ine''' and their GEN the suffix '''-ies'''. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLnoun4.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular. | '''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLnoun5.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
== Pronouns == | == Pronouns == | ||
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'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br> | '''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br> | ||
'''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''- | '''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ui-''' [ɥi]. Most of these verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that has the stem vowel *ī. This stem vowel evolution is unique to Skylandic. Their vowel changes are as follows. | ||
[[File:Class 1.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 1.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut. | '''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut. | ||
[[File:Class 2.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 2.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br> | '''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br> | ||
[[File:Class 3a.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 3a.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
[[File: | [[File:Class_3b.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''- | '''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ie-''' [je] followed by any of the four sonorants (''l, m, n,'' or ''r'') and no other consonants. Geminated sonorants aren't included. | ||
[[File:Class 4.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 4.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
NOTE — The « '''-oi-''' » stem vowel of the IMPF.SJV form is from PGmc *-ē-. | |||
'''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant. | '''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant. | ||
[[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]] | ||
The « '''-ine''' » suffix of the IMPF.SJV is a remnant of PGmc PAST.SJV.3PL suffix -īn. | |||
=== Weak Verbs === | === Weak Verbs === | ||