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Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions
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{{construction}} | |||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/> | |||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]] | |||
=== | {{Infobox language | ||
==== | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename = ''θensārimem'' | |||
|pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/ | |||
|region = Talmy | |||
|extinct = 220 v.T. | |||
|familycolor=PfK | |||
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]] | |||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |||
|iso3=qth | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages. | |||
== | ==Todo== | ||
* | *PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?) | ||
==== | ==Notes on notation== | ||
* | ===Glossary=== | ||
* | *<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential) | ||
* | *''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable | ||
* | *''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal | ||
* | *''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z'' | ||
*''~'': cognate to | |||
==Background== | |||
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].'' | |||
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) '''language''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''gaθuem θensārimem'' "the {{PAGENAME}} throat") is a language classified into an [[Talmic languages|isolated subbranch]] of the [[Raxo-Talmic languages|Raxo-Talmic]] language family, along with other para-{{PAGENAME}} languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as [[Naquian]] (It is often said that {{PAGENAME}} uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), {{PAGENAME}} was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the {{PAGENAME}} language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegōr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble {{PAGENAME}} (''themsārimem ħentem''), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{ | Classical {{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives. | ||
a | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Dental | |||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
! | | ! |Radical | ||
! |Glottal | ! |Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ||
| | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| | |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span> | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 225: | Line 60: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | ! |<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| | | '''p''' /p/ | ||
| | |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/ | ||
| | |||
| '''c''' /k/ | |||
| '''ȝ''' /ʡ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! |<small>voiced</small> | ! |<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| | |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''g''' /g/ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | ! |<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| | | '''f''' /f/ | ||
| | | '''θ''' /θ/ | ||
| | | '''s''' /s/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''χ''' /x/ | ||
| | | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/ | ||
| | |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! |<small>voiced</small> | ! |<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''δ''' /ð/ | ||
| '''z''' /z/ | |||
| | | | ||
| '''γ''' /ɣ/ | |||
| <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Trill | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''r''' /r/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| '''v''' /w~ʋ/ | |||
| '''l''' /l/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| '''j''' /j/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 285: | Line 112: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: | ;Notes | ||
! style="width: | *Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated. | ||
*/r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠]. | |||
! style="width: | */l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ]. | ||
! style="width: | |||
====Conditioned allophony==== | |||
Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan="2"| /n/ | |||
| [ŋ] | |||
| | | _C[+velar, +plosive] | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [ɱ] | |||
| | | _C[+labiodental] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced] | |||
| | | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] | ||
| | | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced] | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!-- | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
= | {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | ||
= | |- | ||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
== | <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
= | <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | ||
=== | <div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div> | |||
= | <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | ||
= | <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
= | |||
== | <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | |||
== | <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
|' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|'' | |}--> | ||
| | <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div> | ||
| | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
| | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | ! style="" |Close | ||
|'' | | '''i''' /i/ | ||
|'' | | '''ī''' /iː/ | ||
| '''y''' /ÿ/ | |||
| '''ȳ''' /ÿː/ | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
| '''ū''' /uː/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| '''e''' /e/ | |||
| '''ē''' /eː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''o''' /o/ | |||
| '''ō''' /oː/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style=" | ! style="" |Open | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| '''ā''' /aː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'' | |||
|' | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
Diphthongs: '''ae au ui''' | |||
;Notes | |||
* | */ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ]. | ||
*/e eː o oː/ are mid vowels. | |||
* | |||
== | ===Suprasegmentals=== | ||
== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
== | ===Syllable structure and morphophonology=== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant | |||
! colspan=20| Last Consonant | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
! n | |||
! p | |||
! t | |||
! k | |||
! b | |||
! d | |||
! g | |||
! s | |||
! š | |||
! tl | |||
! ts | |||
! tš | |||
! h | |||
! x | |||
! w | |||
! ǧ | |||
! y | |||
! l | |||
! r | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
| mm | |||
| mb | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| ss | |||
| šš | |||
| ndr | |||
| ns | |||
| nš | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| ny | |||
| lm | |||
| ndr | |||
|- | |||
! n | |||
| nd | |||
| nn | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| ss | |||
| šš | |||
| ndr | |||
| ns | |||
| nš | |||
| nn | |||
| nǧ | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| nn | |||
| lm | |||
| ndr | |||
|- | |||
! p | |||
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! t | |||
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! k | |||
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! b | |||
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! d | |||
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! g | |||
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! s | |||
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! š | |||
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! tl | |||
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! ts | |||
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! tš | |||
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! h | |||
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! x | |||
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! w | |||
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! y | |||
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! l | |||
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! r | |||
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|} | |||
===Phonological diachronics=== | |||
====Simple consonant correspondences==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! PTal | ||
! | ! {{recon|m}} | ||
! {{recon|p}} | |||
! {{recon|b}} | |||
! {{recon|ɸ}} | |||
! {{recon|n}} | |||
! {{recon|t}} | |||
! {{recon|d}} | |||
! {{recon|s}} | |||
! {{recon|z}} | |||
! {{recon|r}} | |||
! {{recon|θ}} | |||
! {{recon|ł}} | |||
! {{recon|λ}} | |||
! {{recon|l}} | |||
! {{recon|j}} | |||
! {{recon|k}} | |||
! {{recon|g}} | |||
! {{recon|x}} | |||
! {{recon|kʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|gʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|xʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|w}} | |||
! {{recon|q}} | |||
! {{recon|χ}} | |||
! {{recon|ʁ}} | |||
! {{recon|ʔ}} | |||
! {{recon|h}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | ! Thm. | ||
| | | ''m'' | ||
| ''' | | ''p'' | ||
| | | ''b'' | ||
| ''' | | ''f'' | ||
| ''n'' | |||
| ''' | | ''t'' | ||
| ''d'' | |||
| ''' | | ''s'' | ||
| ''z'', ''-r-'' | |||
| ''' | | ''r'' | ||
| ''θ'' | |||
| ''' | | ''θ'' | ||
| ''δ'' | |||
| '' | | ''l'' | ||
| ''j'' | |||
| ''' | | ''c'' | ||
| ''g'' | |||
| ''' | | ''χ'' | ||
|- | | ''c'' | ||
| '''* | | ''v'' | ||
| ''f'' | |||
| ''' | | ''v'' | ||
| ''ʒ'' | |||
| ''' | | ''ħ'' | ||
| ''γ'' | |||
| ''' | | 0- | ||
| ''h-'' | |||
|} | |||
| ''' | ====Consonant clusters==== | ||
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''? | |||
====Vowel reflexes==== | |||
| ''' | Usually: | ||
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o'' | |||
| ''' | *{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e'' | ||
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i'' | |||
*{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'') | |||
*{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ'' | |||
*{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae'' | |||
*{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū'' | |||
| ''' | *{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī'' | ||
| | *{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au'' | ||
*{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō'' | |||
*{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū'' | |||
*{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū'' | |||
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca'' | |||
| ''' | *{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co'' | ||
|} | *{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy'' | ||
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē'' | |||
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''? | |||
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure | |||
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''? | |||
*{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''? | |||
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''? | |||
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā'' | |||
==Orthography== | |||
[[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]] | |||
The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length. | |||
The alphabetical order is as follows: | |||
#'''R:''' | |||
#'''D:''' | |||
#'''Z:''' | |||
#'''I:''' | |||
#'''Γ:''' | |||
#'''A:''' | |||
#'''Ħ:''' | |||
#'''F:''' | |||
#'''M:''' | |||
#'''L:''' | |||
#'''G:''' | |||
#'''C:''' | |||
#'''H:''' | |||
#'''B:''' | |||
#'''S:''' | |||
#'''V:''' | |||
#'''O:''' | |||
#'''J:''' | |||
#'''Ȝ:''' | |||
#'''Δ:''' | |||
#'''Y:''' | |||
#'''Χ:''' | |||
#'''T:''' | |||
#'''N:''' | |||
#'''Θ:''' | |||
#'''P:''' | |||
#'''E:''' | |||
#'''U:''' | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template: | |||
#switch-reference marker | |||
#applicative or derivational prefixes | |||
#object prefix | |||
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs) | |||
#'''STEM''' | |||
#voice suffix | |||
#TAM + subject | |||
#emphatic suffix ''-is'' | |||
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements. | |||
====TAM + subject markers==== | |||
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. | |||
/ | *Consonant stems: (-y-) | ||
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-? | |||
=====Present===== | |||
*1sg ''-n(is)'' | |||
*2sg ''-r(is)'' | |||
*3sg.m ''-m(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-si(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-((i)s)''? | |||
*1ex ''-maeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-nte(s)'' | |||
*2pl ''-sce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-ti(s)'' | |||
=====Preterite===== | |||
* | *1sg: ''-nno(s)'' | ||
* | *2sg: ''-rȳ(s)'' | ||
*3sg.m: ''-smi(s)'' | |||
*3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''? | |||
*3sg.n: ''-so(s)''? | |||
*1ex: ''-mer(is)'' | |||
*1in: ''-ter(is)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-scer(is)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-ster(is)'' | |||
=====Future===== | |||
* | *1sg ''-tēn(is)'' | ||
* | *2sg ''-tēr(is)'' | ||
*3sg.m ''-tēm(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-tē(s)''? | |||
*1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-tēnt(is)'' | |||
*2pl ''-tēsce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-tēti(s)'' | |||
=====Subjunctive===== | |||
*1sg: ''-nae(s)'' | |||
*2sg: ''-rae(s)'' | |||
*3sg.m: ''-mior(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f: ''-sior(is)'' | |||
*3sg.n: ''-ior(is)'' | |||
*1ex: ''-nχae(s)'' | |||
*1in: ''-ntae(s)'' | |||
*2pl: ''-scae(s)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-tior(is)'' | |||
=====Optative===== | |||
*1sg ''-von(is)''? | |||
*2sg ''-vor(is)'' | |||
*3sg.m ''-vom(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-vosi(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)'' | |||
*1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-vunt(is)'' | |||
*2pl ''-vosce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-voti(s)'' | |||
=== | =====Imperative===== | ||
* | *2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)'' | ||
*1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)'' | |||
*2pl: ''-scē(s)'' | |||
* | |||
* | |||
== | ==Syntax== | ||
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds). | |||
===Constituent order=== | |||
===Noun phrase=== | |||
===Verb phrase=== | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]] | ||