Antarctican/Syntax: Difference between revisions

Changed "focus" to "dependent"
(Changed "focus" to "dependent")
Line 9: Line 9:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || die
|}
|}


Line 21: Line 21:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| kiveli-ewn || sõwdla  
| kùevòelùun || sõwdla  
|-
|-
kiɥeliʔeuɴ || sɔudɮa
kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ || sɔudɮa
|-
|-
| die.VFCS || soldier.ABS
| die  || soldier.ABS
|}
|}


Line 39: Line 39:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting frogs.
A soldier is hunting frogs.
Line 53: Line 53:
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The frogs are being hunted by a soldier.
The frogs are being hunted by a soldier.
Line 67: Line 67:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting frogs.
The soldier is hunting frogs.
Line 83: Line 83:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || wawùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || wawùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || wawɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns).
The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns).
Line 94: Line 94:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || siwùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || siwùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || siwɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || 3POSS-frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns).
The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns).
Line 115: Line 115:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
Line 126: Line 126:
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || 3POSS-frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
Line 136: Line 136:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sáeynátqlóey || waesõwdlan || ameraeychu
| sáeynátqlóey || waesõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt.VFCS
| general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers.
The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers.
Line 147: Line 147:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sáeynátqlóey || suesõwdlan || ameraeychu
| sáeynátqlóey || suesõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt.VFCS
| general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own).
The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own).
Line 163: Line 163:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || wabiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || wáetow || kan-gukùe || wabiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || wabiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kaɴgukɨʱ || wabiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || TPCPOSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner || TPCPOSS-brother  
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
Line 177: Line 177:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || sibiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || wáetow || kan-gukùe || sibiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || sibiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kaɴgukɨʱ || sibiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || 3POSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner || 3POSS-brother  
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
Line 199: Line 199:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || byowchi-i || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || byowkùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || sick.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || sick || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick and died.
The soldier got sick and died.
Line 213: Line 213:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byowchi-i || sõwdla  || kiveli-ewn
| byowkùe || sõwdla  || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| bʲouciʔi || sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| bʲoukɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| sick.VFCS || soldier.ABS || die.VFCS
| sick || soldier.ABS || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick and died.
The soldier got sick and died.
Line 227: Line 227:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || byowchi-i || sàon-gùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || byowkùe|| sàonkùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || sɜʱɴgɨʱ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || sɜʱɴkɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || sick.VFCS || bleed.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || sick|| bleed || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick, bled, and died.
The soldier got sick, bled, and died.
Line 243: Line 243:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || bite.NFCS || frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
A soldier bit a frog and it died.
A soldier bit a frog and it died.
Line 256: Line 256:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || bite.NFCS || frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and it died.
The soldier bit a frog and it died.
Line 270: Line 270:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite.NFCS || die.VFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite || die
|}
|}
The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died.
The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died.
Line 285: Line 285:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || 'kówràomùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || ˤkouˤʁɜʱmɨʱ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit it and died.
The soldier bit it and died.
Line 300: Line 300:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 'kówràomùe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn
| kutiràomùesòe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| &#740;kou&#740;&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| <PFV.AP>bite.NFCS || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die.VFCS
| <PFV.AP>bite || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die
|}
|}
A soldier bit a frog and died.
A soldier bit a frog and died.
Line 314: Line 314:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#740;kou&#740;&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || frog-ERG || OBL || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || frog-ERG || OBL || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and died.
The soldier bit a frog and died.
Line 328: Line 328:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#740;kou&#740;&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || die.VFCS
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical)
The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical)
Line 344: Line 344:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuebyowchi-i || wuekiveli-ewn
| wuebyowkùe || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;b&#690;ouci&#660;i || w&#616;ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;b&#690;ouk&#616;&#689;i || wik&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick.VFCS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
|}
|}
We (including you) will get sick and die.
We (including you) will get sick and die.
Line 358: Line 358:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wuekiveli-ewn
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || w&#616;ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || w&#616;k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite.VFCS || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
|}
|}
We (including you) will bite a frog and die.
We (including you) will bite a frog and die.
Line 372: Line 372:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite.VFCS || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
|}
|}
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
Line 391: Line 391:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
The frog, which died.
The frog, which died.
Line 406: Line 406:
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The frogs the soldier hunted.
The frogs the soldier hunted.
Line 420: Line 420:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || OBL
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt || frog.ABS || OBL
|}
|}
The soldier that hunted frogs.
The soldier that hunted frogs.
Line 434: Line 434:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt.NFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt
|}
|}
The soldier that hunted.
The soldier that hunted.
Line 454: Line 454:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Line 465: Line 465:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
 
 
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sõwdlan || nõ || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Line 493: Line 479:
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
Line 504: Line 490:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || n&#596; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || n&#596; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "ameraykùe" here would be ungrammatical.




Line 521: Line 504:
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}


Line 527: Line 510:
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====


This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.
This is always placed after a verb. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.




{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || nay || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || nay || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || nai || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || nai || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Line 546: Line 529:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || red
|}
|}
The frog, which died, was red.
The frog, which died, was red.
Line 557: Line 540:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || nay || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || nay || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || nai || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || nai || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || NEG.SPFC || red
|}
|}
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
Line 571: Line 554:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Line 582: Line 565:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || nay
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || nay
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a || nai
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || nai
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || NEG.SPFC
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).
Line 606: Line 589:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Line 617: Line 600:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
 
 
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sõwdlan || du || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Line 645: Line 614:
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Line 656: Line 625:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || du || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || du || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || INT.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "ameraykùe" here would be ungrammatical.




Line 673: Line 639:
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}


Line 679: Line 645:
====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)====
====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)====


This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g.
This is always placed after a verb. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g.




{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || ka || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || ka || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || ka || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || ka || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Line 698: Line 664:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || red
|}
|}
The frog, which died, was red.
The frog, which died, was red.
Line 709: Line 675:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || ka || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || ka || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || ka || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || ka || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || INT.SPFC || red
|}
|}
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Line 723: Line 689:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Line 734: Line 700:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sowdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || ka
| sowdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || ka
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a || ka
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || ka
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || INT.SPFC
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
Line 772: Line 738:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || duku || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || duku || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?
Line 783: Line 749:
| duku || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| duku || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?
Line 794: Line 760:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628;|| &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || duku || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628;|| &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || duku || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || where.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || where.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?
Line 804: Line 770:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || tovi || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || tovi || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || tu&#613;i || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || tu&#613;i || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || where.SPFC || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || where.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?
Line 815: Line 781:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || tovi || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || tovi || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || tu&#613;i ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || tu&#613;i ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || where.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || where.SPFC || red
|}
|}
The frog that died where was red?
The frog that died where was red?
Line 826: Line 792:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || tovi  
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || tovi  
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a || tu&#613;i  
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || tu&#613;i  
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || where.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || where.SPFC
|}
|}
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?
Line 846: Line 812:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is giving (something to) a dog.
A soldier is giving (something to) a dog.
Line 863: Line 829:
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you).
A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you).
Line 877: Line 843:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving food to a dog.
A soldier is giving food to a dog.
Line 888: Line 854:
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us food.
A soldier is giving us food.
Line 902: Line 868:
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving food.
A soldier is giving food.
Line 919: Line 885:
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog.
A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog.
Line 933: Line 899:
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier is giving us (to something / someone).
Line 947: Line 913:
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || c&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || c&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PAST>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PAST>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier was giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier was giving us (to something / someone).
Line 958: Line 924:
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.FUT>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.FUT>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).