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Valmoric morphology: Difference between revisions

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Valmoric morphology (view source)

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This article deals with '''[[Valmoric]] morphology''', giving a more detailed overview with more examples than the morphology section in the main article.
== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
=== Gender ===
=== Gender ===
There are three genders: Masculine, feminine and neuter. Each gender has multiple inflectional paradigms governing case-number endings.
=== Cases ===
=== Cases ===
:''See also [[Valmoric semiotics]] for more information on morphosyntactic alignment.''
Valmoric has 10 cases, detailed below. This case system has undergone both simplifications and innovations from the original Ando-Valic 13-case system.
; Nominative
The nominative case is used to denote:
* The subject of an accusative-aligned intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read.
* The subject of an accusative-aligned transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book.
* In ergative-aligned clauses, it functions as the '''genitive''' case (see below).
It is principially unmarked, though nominative nouns undergo certain initial mutations with the definite article.
; Accusative
The accusative case is used to denote:
* The object of an accusative-aligned monotransitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>.
* The theme of an accusative-aligned ditransitive clause: The woman read the child <u>a book</u>.
* Prepositional objects of motion: He went into <u>the house</u>.
* In ergative-aligned clauses, it also functions as the '''instrumental''' case (see below).
; Dative
The dative case is used to denote:
* The recipient of a ditransitive clause: The woman read <u>the child</u> a book.
* A generic indirect object: The woman read <u>(to) the child</u>.
* Static prepositional objects: He was inside <u>the house</u>.
* A compulsory autobenefactive: I will lay <u>me</u> down. (Modern English: I will lie down. / I will lay myself down.)
; Genitive
The genitive case is used to denote:
* A possessor in an accusative-aligned clause: That is <u>someone's</u> house.
* In ergative-aligned clauses, the genitive case acts as the '''ergative''' case, which is then used to denote:
** The subject of an intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read.
** The object of a transitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>.
; Instrumental
The instrumental case is used to denote:
* An instrument using which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with a knife</u>.
* An object or person with which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with my friend</u>.
* A manner in which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with haste</u>.
* In ergative-aligned clauses, the instrumental case acts as the '''absolutive''' case, which is used to denote the subject of a transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book.
; Ablative
The ablative case indicates:
* Motion from a place: I came <u>from work</u>.
* A cause: I lost my job <u>because of laziness</u>.
* The agent of a passive clause: He was dearly loved <u>by his brothers</u>.
; Allative
The allative case indicates:
* Motion to a place: I am going <u>to work</u>.
* A goal: I applied <u>for a job</u>.
* A benefactive: I would do anything <u>for him</u>.
; Partitive
The partitive case is used for:
* A subset: I met some <u>of them</u>.
* A distinction: I am different <u>from them</u>.
* A superlative comparison: I am the best <u>in my class</u>.
* Certain objects of intransitive verbs: I drank <u>of the water</u>. (Also used in Valmoric with such verbs as "forget", "know" and "remember".
; Comparative
The comparative case is used for:
* Equative comparisons: I am as good <u>as them</u>.
* Differentiating comparisons: I am better <u>than them</u>.
; Essive
The essive case is used for:
* A state of being: <u>Being a composer</u> I know a lot about music.
* A period of time: I often went swimming <u>as a child</u>.
; Vocative
The vocative case expresses direct address: Hello, <u>world</u>!
It is considered rude to "react" when one's name is mentioned in someone else's conversation except in the vocative, as this is considered an interruption.
=== Number ===
=== Number ===
: ''See also: [[#Attributive numerals]]''
: ''See also: [[#Attributive numerals]]''
Valmoric formally has three grammatical numbers: Singular, dual and plural.
However, the distinction between dual and plural has only been maintained in "anthropomorphic" nouns, i.e. nouns describing either people or things thought of as people. This includes things like occupations, most supernatural entities, domesticated animals and anthropomorphised concepts like fate, fortune and evil.
=== Declension paradigms ===
=== Declension paradigms ===
=== Compounding and affixes ===
=== Compounding and affixes ===
== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
=== Copula ===
=== Copula ===
The normal copula (but not the [[#Existential verb|existential verb]]) in Valmoric is the verb stëun.
Much like with other verbs, the first aorist of the copula denotes a current state of affairs while the second aorist denotes a general state of affairs. Thus, the distinction between the first and second aorist of the copula can be compared to the distinction between the ''esse''- and ''stare''-derived [[w:Romance copula|Romance copulas]], or between ''is'' and ''bí''/''bith'' in Irish and Scottish Gaelic.
=== Nonfinite forms ===
=== Nonfinite forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
==== Infinitive ====
The infinitive of the verb is generally the verbal noun (aorist present noun) combined with the suffix -un. It finds more limited use than in English, outwith being the citation form of the verb, as Valmoric uses either the verbal noun or the impersonal form of the verb in many of the places where English would use the infinitive. This occurs, for instance, in complementary clauses:
* "I want to die" would be expressed as "want I dying.ACC" in Valmoric, with "dying" being the verbal noun
* "I want him to die" would be expressed as "want I his.ACC dying.ACC"
* "I want her to kill him" would be expressed as "want I his.ACC she.ABL-dying.ACC" (Essentially, "I want his becauseofherdying")
==== Aspect-tense nouns ====
==== Aspect-tense nouns ====
Each verb formally has four aspect-tense nouns: Aorist present, aorist past, aorist future and perfect.
These combine with inflectional endings to make various tense-aspect-person-number combinations, which can then be augmented with further mood and voice suffixes.
Only the aorist present noun (known simply as the "verbal noun") and the perfect noun are actually used independently. The aorist past and future nouns are only used as inflectional roots.
=== Inflectional endings ===
=== Inflectional endings ===
==== Person-number-tense ====
The aspect-tense nouns combine with inflectional endings to create aspect-tense combinations. These are:
 
* '''1st Aorist''' (uses aorist nouns) &ndash; Fulfills an imperfective role
** Present noun + present ending: '''Present'''
** Present noun + future ending: '''Near future'''
** Future noun + future ending: '''Future'''
** Past noun + present ending: '''Past'''
** Past noun + past ending: '''Distant past'''
* '''2nd Aorist''' (uses aorist nouns) &ndash; Fulfills a gnomic role
** Present noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Present'''
** Future noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Future'''
** Past noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Past'''
* '''Perfect''' (uses perfect nouns) &ndash; Fulfills a perfective role
** Perfective noun + present ending: '''Present'''
** Perfective noun + future ending: '''Future'''
** Perfective noun + past ending: '''Past'''
 
==== Tense-person-number ====
==== 2nd aorist ====
==== 2nd aorist ====
=== Mood ===
Valmoric features the following inflectional moods:
* '''Indicative''', the unmarked ("default") mood: "I <u>am</u> happy!"
* '''Imperative''', an irregular mood which can only take the aorist present root: "<u>Be</u> happy!"
* '''Subjunctive''', a regular mood with the suffix -nV: "If I <u>were</u> ill, I would die." Generally used with the first aorist.
* '''Conditional''', a regular mood with the suffix -cV: "If I were ill, I <u>would</u> die." Generally used with the second aorist.
=== Voice and valency ===
=== Voice and valency ===
=== Auxiliary verbs ===
=== Auxiliary verbs ===
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=== Verbal particles ===
=== Verbal particles ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
== Pronouns and determiners ==
== Pronouns and determiners ==
: ''For more detail on deixis and anaphora see [[Valmoric semiotics]].''
: ''For more detail on deixis and anaphora see [[Valmoric semiotics]].''
=== Definite article ===
=== Definite article ===
The singular citation forms of the definite article (save the comparative) end in ⟨m⟩, however the singular definite article (save the comparative) assimilates to the succeeding consonant in the following manner:
* ⟨m⟩ for labials, vowels and h: am-flag (the bird); em-bát (the boat); um-úval (the apple)
* ⟨n⟩ for dentals, velars, n, t and d: an-turas (the hunger); en-cila (the girl); un-þud (the wood)
* ⟨l⟩ for l, w: ul-laïn (the child)
* ⟨r⟩ for r: er-rás (the claw)
* ⟨s⟩ for s, z: as-staurran (the largeness)
The singular and plural articles take the singular form of the noun, while the dual article takes the dual form. If the noun begins in a vowel, it is preceded by:
* ⟨n-⟩ (masculine, feminine) or ⟨ð-⟩ (neuter) if it is dual (save the comparative), or plural genitive, instrumental, ablative, allative or partitive
* ⟨h-⟩ (all genders) in all other plural cases save the comparative
* ⟨g-⟩ if it is comparative
There is no vocative form of the definite article.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=9 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| The Definite Article
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3| Masculine
!colspan=3| Feminine
!colspan=3| Neuter
|-
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|am
|maï
|ma
|em
|mi
|me
|um
|my
|mu
|-
!Accusative
|nam
|naï
|na
|nem
|ni
|ne
|num
|ny
|ne
|-
!Dative
|gam
|gaï
|ga
|gem
|gi
|ge
|gum
|gy
|gu
|-
!Genitive
|om
|moï
|mo
|om
|mi
|mo
|om
|mùi
|mo
|-
!Instrumental
|cam
|caï
|ca
|cem
|ci
|ce
|cum
|cy
|cu
|-
!Ablative
|vam
|vaï
|va
|vem
|vi
|ve
|cum
|vy
|vu
|-
!Allative
|dam
|daï
|da
|dem
|di
|de
|dum
|dy
|du
|-
!Partitive
|sam
|saï
|sa
|sem
|si
|se
|sum
|sy
|su
|-
!Comparative
|í
|í
|á
|í
|í
|é
|í
|í
|ú
|-
!Essive
|cam
|caï
|ca
|cem
|ci
|ce
|cum
|cy
|cu
|}
=== Personal pronouns ===
=== Personal pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 1st Person
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 2nd Person
|-
!style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ba
|baï
|ce
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|uð
|baï
|ce
|-
!Accusative
|ban
|bania
|cen
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Dative
|bar
|bari
|cer
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Genitive
|a
|aï
|e
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Instrumental
|tor
|tori
|tier
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Ablative
|vaù
|vabi
|vec
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Allative
|daù
|dabi
|dec
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Partitive
|bas
|baïs
|ces
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Comparative
|íb
|í
|íc
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Essive
|bag
|baïg
|ceg
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=9 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 3rd Person
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=2| Masculine
!colspan=2| Feminine
!colspan=2| Neuter
!colspan=3| Personal
|-
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ba
|baï
|ce
|cei
|tu
|tùi
|ro
|roï
|lí
|-
!Accusative
|ban
|bania
|cen
|cein
|tun
|tùin
|ron
|ronia
|lín
|-
!Dative
|bar
|bari
|cer
|ceri
|tur
|turi
|gor
|gori
|lír
|-
!Genitive
|a
|aï
|e
|ei
|u
|ùi
|o
|oï
|í
|-
!Instrumental
|tor
|tori
|tier
|tieri
|tiur
|tiuri
|dor
|dori
|lhír
|-
!Ablative
|vaù
|vabi
|vec
|veci
|vu
|vy
|vro
|vroï
|vlí
|-
!Allative
|daù
|dabi
|dec
|deci
|du
|dy
|dro
|droï
|lhí
|-
!Partitive
|bas
|baïs
|ces
|ceis
|tus
|tùis
|ros
|roïs
|lís
|-
!Comparative
|íb
|í
|íc
|í
|íþ
|í
|ír
|í
|úr
|-
!Essive
|bag
|baïg
|ceg
|ceig
|tuc
|tùig
|groc
|roïg
|clí
|}
=== Possessives ===
=== Possessives ===
=== Demonstratives ===
=== Demonstratives ===
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