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Valmoric morphology: Difference between revisions

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Valmoric morphology (view source)

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This article deals with '''[[Valmoric]] morphology''', giving a more detailed overview with more examples than the morphology section in the main article.
== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
=== Gender ===
=== Gender ===
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Valmoric formally has three grammatical numbers: Singular, dual and plural.
Valmoric formally has three grammatical numbers: Singular, dual and plural.


However, the distinction between dual and plural has only been maintained in "anthropomorphic" nouns, i.e. nouns describing either people or things thought of as people. This includes things like job titles, most supernatural creatures, domesticated animals and anthropomorphised concepts like fate, fortune and evil.
However, the distinction between dual and plural has only been maintained in "anthropomorphic" nouns, i.e. nouns describing either people or things thought of as people. This includes things like occupations, most supernatural entities, domesticated animals and anthropomorphised concepts like fate, fortune and evil.


=== Declension paradigms ===
=== Declension paradigms ===
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=== Nonfinite forms ===
=== Nonfinite forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
==== Infinitive ====
The infinitive of the verb is generally the verbal noun (aorist present noun) combined with the prefix -un. It finds more limited use than in English, outwith being the citation form of the verb, as Valmoric uses either the verbal noun or the impersonal form of the verb in many of the places where English would use the infinitive. This occurs, for instance, in complementary clauses:
The infinitive of the verb is generally the verbal noun (aorist present noun) combined with the suffix -un. It finds more limited use than in English, outwith being the citation form of the verb, as Valmoric uses either the verbal noun or the impersonal form of the verb in many of the places where English would use the infinitive. This occurs, for instance, in complementary clauses:


* "I want to die" would be expressed as "want I dying.ACC" in Valmoric, with "dying" being the verbal noun
* "I want to die" would be expressed as "want I dying.ACC" in Valmoric, with "dying" being the verbal noun
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=== Inflectional endings ===
=== Inflectional endings ===
==== Person-number-tense ====
The aspect-tense nouns combine with inflectional endings to create aspect-tense combinations. These are:
 
* '''1st Aorist''' (uses aorist nouns) – Fulfills an imperfective role
** Present noun + present ending: '''Present'''
** Present noun + future ending: '''Near future'''
** Future noun + future ending: '''Future'''
** Past noun + present ending: '''Past'''
** Past noun + past ending: '''Distant past'''
* '''2nd Aorist''' (uses aorist nouns) – Fulfills a gnomic role
** Present noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Present'''
** Future noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Future'''
** Past noun + 2nd aorist ending: '''Past'''
* '''Perfect''' (uses perfect nouns) – Fulfills a perfective role
** Perfective noun + present ending: '''Present'''
** Perfective noun + future ending: '''Future'''
** Perfective noun + past ending: '''Past'''
 
==== Tense-person-number ====
==== 2nd aorist ====
==== 2nd aorist ====
=== Mood ===
=== Mood ===
Valmoric features the following inflectional moods:
Valmoric features the following inflectional moods:
* '''Indicative''', the unmarked ("default") mood: "I <u>am</u> happy!"
* '''Indicative''', the unmarked ("default") mood: "I <u>am</u> happy!"
* '''Imperative''', an irregular mood which can only take the aorist present root: "<u>Be</u> happy!"
* '''Imperative''', an irregular mood which can only take the aorist present root: "<u>Be</u> happy!"
* '''Subjunctive''', a regular mood with the suffix -nV: "If I <u>were</u> ill, I would die." Generally used with the second aorist.
* '''Subjunctive''', a regular mood with the suffix -nV: "If I <u>were</u> ill, I would die." Generally used with the first aorist.
* '''Conditional''', a regular mood with the suffix -cV: "If I were ill, I <u>would</u> die." Generally used with the first aorist.
* '''Conditional''', a regular mood with the suffix -cV: "If I were ill, I <u>would</u> die." Generally used with the second aorist.


=== Voice and valency ===
=== Voice and valency ===
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: ''For more detail on deixis and anaphora see [[Valmoric semiotics]].''
: ''For more detail on deixis and anaphora see [[Valmoric semiotics]].''
=== Definite article ===
=== Definite article ===
The singular citation forms of the definite article (save the comparative) end in ⟨m⟩, however the singular definite article (save the comparative) assimilates to the succeeding consonant in the following manner:
* ⟨m⟩ for labials, vowels and h: am-flag (the bird); em-bát (the boat); um-úval (the apple)
* ⟨n⟩ for dentals, velars, n, t and d: an-turas (the hunger); en-cila (the girl); un-þud (the wood)
* ⟨l⟩ for l, w: ul-laïn (the child)
* ⟨r⟩ for r: er-rás (the claw)
* ⟨s⟩ for s, z: as-staurran (the largeness)
The singular and plural articles take the singular form of the noun, while the dual article takes the dual form. If the noun begins in a vowel, it is preceded by:
* ⟨n-⟩ (masculine, feminine) or ⟨ð-⟩ (neuter) if it is dual (save the comparative), or plural genitive, instrumental, ablative, allative or partitive
* ⟨h-⟩ (all genders) in all other plural cases save the comparative
* ⟨g-⟩ if it is comparative
There is no vocative form of the definite article.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=9 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| The Definite Article
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3| Masculine
!colspan=3| Feminine
!colspan=3| Neuter
|-
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|am
|maï
|ma
|em
|mi
|me
|um
|my
|mu
|-
!Accusative
|nam
|naï
|na
|nem
|ni
|ne
|num
|ny
|ne
|-
!Dative
|gam
|gaï
|ga
|gem
|gi
|ge
|gum
|gy
|gu
|-
!Genitive
|om
|moï
|mo
|om
|mi
|mo
|om
|mùi
|mo
|-
!Instrumental
|cam
|caï
|ca
|cem
|ci
|ce
|cum
|cy
|cu
|-
!Ablative
|vam
|vaï
|va
|vem
|vi
|ve
|cum
|vy
|vu
|-
!Allative
|dam
|daï
|da
|dem
|di
|de
|dum
|dy
|du
|-
!Partitive
|sam
|saï
|sa
|sem
|si
|se
|sum
|sy
|su
|-
!Comparative
|í
|í
|á
|í
|í
|é
|í
|í
|ú
|-
!Essive
|cam
|caï
|ca
|cem
|ci
|ce
|cum
|cy
|cu
|}
=== Personal pronouns ===
=== Personal pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 1st Person
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 2nd Person
|-
!style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
!style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ba
|baï
|ce
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|uð
|baï
|ce
|-
!Accusative
|ban
|bania
|cen
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Dative
|bar
|bari
|cer
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Genitive
|a
|aï
|e
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Instrumental
|tor
|tori
|tier
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Ablative
|vaù
|vabi
|vec
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Allative
|daù
|dabi
|dec
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Partitive
|bas
|baïs
|ces
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Comparative
|íb
|í
|íc
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|-
!Essive
|bag
|baïg
|ceg
|style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-bottom:1px solid #fff;"|
|ba
|baï
|ce
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=9 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff; border-right:1px solid #fff;"| 3rd Person
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#fff; border-top:1px solid #fff; border-left:1px solid #fff;"|
!colspan=2| Masculine
!colspan=2| Feminine
!colspan=2| Neuter
!colspan=3| Personal
|-
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Plural
!width=64px|Singular
!width=64px|Dual
!width=64px|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ba
|baï
|ce
|cei
|tu
|tùi
|ro
|roï
|lí
|-
!Accusative
|ban
|bania
|cen
|cein
|tun
|tùin
|ron
|ronia
|lín
|-
!Dative
|bar
|bari
|cer
|ceri
|tur
|turi
|gor
|gori
|lír
|-
!Genitive
|a
|aï
|e
|ei
|u
|ùi
|o
|oï
|í
|-
!Instrumental
|tor
|tori
|tier
|tieri
|tiur
|tiuri
|dor
|dori
|lhír
|-
!Ablative
|vaù
|vabi
|vec
|veci
|vu
|vy
|vro
|vroï
|vlí
|-
!Allative
|daù
|dabi
|dec
|deci
|du
|dy
|dro
|droï
|lhí
|-
!Partitive
|bas
|baïs
|ces
|ceis
|tus
|tùis
|ros
|roïs
|lís
|-
!Comparative
|íb
|í
|íc
|í
|íþ
|í
|ír
|í
|úr
|-
!Essive
|bag
|baïg
|ceg
|ceig
|tuc
|tùig
|groc
|roïg
|clí
|}
=== Possessives ===
=== Possessives ===
=== Demonstratives ===
=== Demonstratives ===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/53723...55124"