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918 bytes added ,  7 September 2016
→‎Verbs
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! Voice !! Telic !! Atelic !! Negative !! Prohibitive
! Voice !! Telic !! Atelic !! Negative !! Prohibitive
|-
|-
| Default || mʲaɲəʔ- || ʎə- || na- || dʷaⁿ-
| Default || ʔmʲaɲə- || ʎə- || na- || tʷaⁿ-
|-
|-
| Antipassive || mʲaⁿma- || ʎama- || nama- || N/A
| Antipassive || ʔmʲaⁿma- || ʔʎama- || ʔnama- || N/A
|-
|-
| Benefactive Applicative || mʲaɲəʔka- || ʎəka- || naka- || dʷaⁿka-
| Benefactive Applicative || ʔmʲaɲəqa- || ʎəka- || naka- || tʷaⁿka-
|-
|-
| Instrumental Applicative || mʲaɲəʔpaⁿ- || ʎəpaⁿ- || napaⁿ- || dʷaⁿpaⁿ--
| Instrumental Applicative || ʔmʲaɲəʔpaⁿ- || ʎəpaⁿ- || napaⁿ- || tʷaⁿpaⁿ--
|}
|}
However, for verb roots that begin with voiceless obstruents all the prefixes except the default telic voice prefix /ʔmʲaɲə-/ cause lenition to voiced obstruents e.g.
/ˈpedˤə/ (HL) - "to bite" (root) -> /ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpedˤə/ (HL) - "to bite" (telic), but /ʎə-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) - "to bite" (atelic).




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/dʷaⁿ-ˈbetəʔ baⁿ/
/tʷaⁿ-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL)


[dʷamˈbetəʔ baⁿ]
[tʷámˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


PROH-bite bone.ABS
PROH-bite bone.ABS
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/dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎə-ˈbetəʔ baⁿ/
/bə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪˈbetəʔ baⁿ]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


dog-ERG ATEL-bite bone.ABS
ERG-dog ATEL-bite bone.ABS


The dog was biting a / the bone.
The dog was biting a / the bone.
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/dʷoʁəʔ ʎə-ˈbetəʔ baⁿ/
/ˈtʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[ˈdʷɔʁʌʔ ʎɪˈbetəʔ baⁿ]
[ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


dog ATEL-bite bone.ABS
dog ATEL-bite bone.ABS
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This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker -ɟa) in that, without -ɟa, it simply describes the dog and what it is doing, whereas with -ɟa, it is more likely to be an answer to a question (overt or implied) asking something like "Who / What was biting the bone?"
This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker bə-) in that, without bə-, it simply describes the dog and what it is doing, whereas with bə-, it is more likely to be an answer to a question (overt or implied) asking something like "Who / What was biting the bone?"




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/baⁿ dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎə-ˈbetəʔ/
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ bə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[baⁿ ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪˈbetəʔ]
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀]


bone.ABS dog-ERG ATEL-bite
bone.ABS dog-ERG ATEL-bite
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/ʎə-ˈbetəʔ baⁿ/
/ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL)


[ʎɪˈbetəʔ baⁿ]
[ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


ATEL-bite bone.ABS
ATEL-bite bone.ABS
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/ˈdʷokəʔta mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ/
/ˈtʷoʀa ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə/ (L) (HL)


[dʷukətːa mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ]
[ˈtʷòʀɑ̄ m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀]


shaman TEL-fall
shaman TEL-fall
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/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ ˈdʷokəʔta/
/ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (L)


[mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ dʷukətːa]
[m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀ ˈtʷòʀɑ̄]


TEL-fall shaman
TEL-fall shaman
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ/
/ˈʔəkfa ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə/ (H) (HL)


[ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ]
[ˈʔə̋kfá m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀]


1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall
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/ˈʔacəⁿ mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ/
/ˈʔaɟəⁿ ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə/ (H) (HL)


[ˈʔæceⁿ mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ]
[ˈʔæ̋ɟèⁿ m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀]


1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall
1PS.SG.PAT TEL-fall
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/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ/
/ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə/ (HL)


[mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ]
[m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀]


TEL-fall
TEL-fall
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====Ditransitive Verbs====
====Ditransitive Verbs====


The subject of a ditranstive verb takes the ergative case, and both the direct and indirect objects take absolutive case. However, the indirect object is also marked with the prepositional clitic /dəʔ/ e.g.
The subject of a ditranstive verb takes the same case as normal, and both the direct and indirect objects take absolutive case. However, the indirect object is also marked with the prepositional clitic /tə/. Unlike the case prefixes, this does not cause lenition e.g.


/ˈʔəkːʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈdena baⁿ dəʔ=ˈdʷoʁəʔ/
/ˈʔəkfa ʔmʲaɲə-ˈtena ˈpəʔwəⁿ tə=ˈtʷogə/ (H) (H) (HL) (HL)


[ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɪ-ˈdːena baⁿ dʊˈdːʷɔʁʌʔ]
[ˈʔə̋kfá m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈte̋ná ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ tʊ́ˈtʷùgə̀]


1PS.SG.AGT TEL-give bone DAT=dog
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-give bone DAT=dog
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To talk about general truths, the antipassive is used, with the subject occuring before the verb e.g.
To talk about general truths, the antipassive is used, with the subject occuring before the verb e.g.


/ˈdʷoʁəʔ ʎama-ˈbetəʔ/
/ˈtʷogə ʔʎama-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) (HL)


[ˈdʷɔʁʌʔ ʎæmaˈbetəʔ]
[ˈtʷùgə̀ ʎ̰æmaˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀]


dog.ABS ANTIP.ATEL-bite
dog.ABS ANTIP.ATEL-bite
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The object of the sentence can resurface after verb, marked with the dative prepositional clitic /dəʔ/ e.g.
The object of the sentence can resurface after verb, marked with the dative prepositional clitic /tə/ e.g.


/ˈdʷoʁəʔ ʎama-ˈbetəʔ dəʔ=baⁿ/
/ˈtʷogə ʔʎama-ˈbedˤə tə=ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[ˈdʷɔʁʌʔ ʎæmaˈbetəʔ dəˈbːaⁿ]
[ˈtʷùgə̀ ʎ̰æmaˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ tə́ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


dog.ABS ANTIP.ATEL-bite DAT=bone
dog.ABS ANTIP.ATEL-bite DAT=bone
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The default voice can only be used for transitive verbs if the subject is definite. If the subject is indefinite, then the verb is antipassivised, and the subject reappears after the verb e.g.
The default voice can only be used for transitive verbs if the subject is definite. If the subject is indefinite, then the verb is antipassivised, and the subject reappears after the verb e.g.


/ʎama-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷoʁəʔ/
/ʔʎama-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷogə/ (HL) (HL)


[ʎæma-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷɔʁʌʔ]
[ʎ̰æmaˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷùgə̀]


ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS
ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS
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As with before, the object of the sentence can be placed at the end, marked with /dəʔ/ e.g.
As with before, the object of the sentence can be placed at the end, marked with /tə/ e.g.




/ʎama-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷoʁəʔ dəʔ=baⁿ/
/ʔʎama-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷogə tə=ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[ʎæma-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷɔʁʌʔ dəˈbːaⁿ]
[ʎ̰æmaˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷùgə̀ tə́ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]


ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS DAT=bone
ANTIP.ATEL-bite dog.ABS DAT=bone
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/jəʔˈko mʲaⁿma-ˈsuːfəʔ/
/ʔjəˈqo ʔmʲaⁿma-ˈɕuːwə/ (H) (HL)


[jɪˈkːo mʲæmma-ˈsuːfəʔ]
[j̰ɘ́ˈqɔ̋ m̰ʲǽmmǽ-ˈɕʉ̂ːwʊ̀]


2PS.SG.AGT ANTIP.TEL-rescue
2PS.SG.AGT ANTIP.TEL-rescue
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If the verb does not take the antipassive i.e. /mʲaɲəʔ-ˈsuːfəʔ/, there is no nuance that the rescue was only something that the listener could have performed.
If the verb does not take the antipassive i.e. /ʔmʲaɲə-ˈɕuːwə/, there is no nuance that the rescue was only something that the listener could have performed.




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/ˈkəʔɲəʔ ʎama-ˈbetəʔ/
/qaˈɲəʔja ʔʎama-ˈbedˤə/ (H) (HL)


[ˈkɪʔɲɪʔ ʎæma-ˈbetəʔ]
[qɐ́ˈɲɪ́j̰æ̀ ʎ̰æmaˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀]


3PS.PAT ANTIP.ATEL-bite
3PS.PAT ANTIP.ATEL-bite
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/mʲaɲəʔ-ˈpfaɫəʔ ˈcçada/
/ʔmʲaɲə-ˈpfaɫə ˈxeⁿda/ (HL) (H)


[mʲæɲɪˈpːfɑɫʌʔ ˈcçæda]
[m̰ʲǽɲɪ́ˈpfɑ́ɫʌ̀ ˈχɛ̋ndá]


TEL-fall shepherd.ABS
TEL-fall shepherd.ABS
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/mʲaɲəʔka-ˈpfaɫəʔ ˈdʷokəʔta dəʔ=ˈcçada/
/ʔmʲaɲəqa-ˈbvaɫə ˈtʷoʀa tə=ˈxeⁿda/ (HL) (L) (H)


[mʲæɲɪkːaˈpfɑɫʌʔ dʷukətːa dɪˈcːçæda]
[m̰ʲǽɲɘ́qɑ́-ˈbvɑ́ɫʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄ tʌ́ˈχɛ̋ndá]


TEL.APPL-fall shaman.ABS DAT=shepherd
TEL.APPL-fall shaman.ABS DAT=shepherd
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Either /ˈdʷokəʔta/ - "shaman" or  /dəʔ=ˈcçada/ - "shepherd" (dative) can be topicalised (moving to before the verb). Both can be deleted if they are obvious from context. So /mʲaɲəʔka-ˈpfaɫəʔ/ could stand as a sentence by itself.
Either /ˈtʷoʀa/ - "shaman" or  /tə=ˈxeⁿda/ - "shepherd" (dative) can be topicalised (moving to before the verb). Both can be deleted if they are obvious from context. So /ʔmʲaɲəqa-ˈbvaɫə/ could stand as a sentence by itself.




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/dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎə-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷokəʔta/
/bə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)


[ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪˈbetəʔ dʷukətːa/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/


dog-ERG ATEL-bite shaman.ABS
dog-ERG ATEL-bite shaman.ABS
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/dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎəka-ˈbetəʔ ˈcçada dəʔ=ˈdʷokəʔta/
/bə-ˈdʷogə ʎəka-ˈbedˤə ˈxeⁿda tə=ˈtʷoʀa/


[ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪkaˈbetəʔ ˈcçæda dʊˈdːʷukətːa/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́káˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀  ˈχɛ̋ndá tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/


dog-ERG ATEL.BEN.APPL-bite shepherd.ABS DAT=shaman
dog-ERG ATEL.BEN.APPL-bite shepherd.ABS DAT=shaman


A dog was biting the shaman for the shepherd (maybe the shepherd ordered it to attack the boss).
A dog was biting the shaman for the shepherd (maybe the shepherd ordered it to attack the boss).


===Instrumental Applicative Voice===
===Instrumental Applicative Voice===
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/dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎə-ˈbetəʔ ˈdʷokəʔta/
/bə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)


[ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪˈbetəʔ dʷukətːa/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/


dog-ERG ATEL-bite shaman.ABS
dog-ERG ATEL-bite shaman.ABS
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/dʷoʁəʔ-ɟa ʎəpaⁿ-ˈbetəʔ ɲəʔ ˈʂapəʔ ˈdaⁿtəʔ dəʔ=ˈdʷokəʔta/
/bə-ˈdʷogə ʎəpaⁿ-ˈbedˤə ˈʔɲəʔja ˈɕəʀə ˈtaⁿtə təʔ=ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (H) (L) (HL) (L)


[ˈdʷɔʁɘɟːæ ʎɪpam-ˈbetəʔ ɲɪʔ ʂɑʔ ˈdantəʔ dʊˈdːʷukətːa]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́pám-ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ɲ̰ɪ́j̰æ̀ʔ ˈɕɘ̏ʀɘ̄ ˈtântə̀ tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄]


dog-ERG ATEL.INSTR.APPL-bite 3PS.GEN sharp tooth.ABS DAT=shaman
dog-ERG ATEL.INSTR.APPL-bite 3PS.GEN sharp tooth.ABS DAT=shaman


A dog was biting the shaman with its sharp teeth.
A dog was biting the shaman with its sharp teeth.


==Copula==
==Copula==
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