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Thangha': Difference between revisions
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===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /wa-), and Ergative (marked with the prefix / | Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /wa-), and Ergative (marked with the prefix /pə-/). | ||
e.g. /ˈməsa/ (H) - [ˈmə̋sá] - "mother" -> /wa-ˈməsa/ (H) - [wáˈmə̋sá] - "of the mother" -> / | e.g. /ˈməsa/ (H) - [ˈmə̋sá] - "mother" -> /wa-ˈməsa/ (H) - [wáˈmə̋sá] - "of the mother" -> /pə-ˈməsa/ (H) - [pə́ˈmə̋sá] | ||
However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /waˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [wāˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> / | However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /waˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [wāˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> /pə-ˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [pə̄ˈdʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (ergative). | ||
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The construction for alienable possession is the same as that for alienable possession, except that the possessor is marked with the Ergative case e.g. | The construction for alienable possession is the same as that for alienable possession, except that the possessor is marked with the Ergative case e.g. | ||
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ pə-ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL) | ||
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ pʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀] | ||
bone ERG-dog | bone ERG-dog | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕeɳə/ (HL) (HL) (HL) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕéɳʌ̀] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕéɳʌ̀] | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə wȁⁿ ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (L) (HL) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ waⁿ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ waⁿ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | ||
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The reciprocal patientive pronoun is used where English would say "each other" or "one another". For example: | The reciprocal patientive pronoun is used where English would say "each other" or "one another". For example: | ||
/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕaⁿkfə/ (HL) (HL) (HL) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕǽŋkfə̀] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕǽŋkfə̀] | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtəʔʎə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL) (HL) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtɪ́ʎ̰ɪ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtɪ́ʎ̰ɪ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ] | ||
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This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker | This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker pə-) in that, without pə-, it simply describes the dog and what it is doing, whereas with pə-, it is more likely to be an answer to a question (overt or implied) asking something like "Who / What was biting the bone?" | ||
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/ˈpəʔwəⁿ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) (HL) (HL) | ||
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀] | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀] | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎəka-ˈbedˤə ˈxeⁿda tə=ˈtʷoʀa/ | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́káˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈχɛ̋ndá tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́káˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈχɛ̋ndá tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/ | ||
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/ | /pə-ˈdʷogə ʎəpaⁿ-ˈbedˤə ˈʔɲəʔja ˈɕəʀə ˈtaⁿtə təʔ=ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (H) (L) (HL) (L) | ||
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́pám-ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ɲ̰ɪ́j̰æ̀ʔ ˈɕɘ̏ʀɘ̄ ˈtântə̀ tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄] | [bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́pám-ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ɲ̰ɪ́j̰æ̀ʔ ˈɕɘ̏ʀɘ̄ ˈtântə̀ tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄] | ||
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/ʎə-ˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ | /ʎə-ˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ pə=ˈdʷokəʔta/ | ||
[ʎɪˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ bʊdʷukətːa] | [ʎɪˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ bʊdʷukətːa] | ||