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TolsianR: Difference between revisions
→Derivative Morphology
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Nominative is unmarked, and corresponds to the functions of subject, attribute of the subject, but also other functions which are not covered by accusative and dative cases. Accusative corresponds to the function of direct object of a verb and is marked with a prefix which is different depending on the animatedness status of the noun : the prefix will be ''ke''- (or ''k''- before a vowel) in the case of an inanimate noun, and ''dake''- (or ''dak''- before a vowel) in the case of an animate noun. Genitive corresponds to the "possessor" of something and is marked with a suffix ''-o'' for inanimate nouns (transformed into /w/ after a vowel) and ''-do'' for animate nouns, although if the stem ends in a consonant diverse morphophonological changes take place depending on that consonant : aspirated plosives lose their aspiration ; voiceless obstruents become voiced ; the palatal nasal gets partially assimilated and turns into ''n'' ; prenasalised occlusives get totally nasalised ; the bilabial fricative becomes a labio-velar approximant [w] ; and there's gemination with the dental occlusives : [dd]. Those changes are usually reflected in the orthography. | Nominative is unmarked, and corresponds to the functions of subject, attribute of the subject, but also other functions which are not covered by accusative and dative cases. Accusative corresponds to the function of direct object of a verb and is marked with a prefix which is different depending on the animatedness status of the noun : the prefix will be ''ke''- (or ''k''- before a vowel) in the case of an inanimate noun, and ''dake''- (or ''dak''- before a vowel) in the case of an animate noun. Genitive corresponds to the "possessor" of something and is marked with a suffix ''-o'' for inanimate nouns (transformed into /w/ after a vowel) and ''-do'' for animate nouns, although if the stem ends in a consonant diverse morphophonological changes take place depending on that consonant : aspirated plosives lose their aspiration ; voiceless obstruents become voiced ; the palatal nasal gets partially assimilated and turns into ''n'' ; prenasalised occlusives get totally nasalised ; the bilabial fricative becomes a labio-velar approximant [w] ; and there's gemination with the dental occlusives : [dd]. Those changes are usually reflected in the orthography. | ||
<poem> | |||
[+asp] -> [-asp] /_-do | [+asp] -> [-asp] /_-do | ||
[-voice] -> [+voice] / _-do | [-voice] -> [+voice] / _-do | ||
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[+prenasalized] -> [nasal] / _-do | [+prenasalized] -> [nasal] / _-do | ||
/ɲ/ -> /n/ / _-do | /ɲ/ -> /n/ / _-do | ||
</poem> | |||
====Verbs==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
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Irrealis | Irrealis | ||
The two other moods of TolsianR are subjunctive and conditional. Subjunctive is used for instance in dependent | The two other moods of TolsianR are subjunctive and conditional. Subjunctive is used for instance in dependent clauses whose main clause's verb expresses an opinion, an inference, a belief (verbs such as "to think", "to believe", "to consider", etc), a desire or a wish ("to want", "to hope"). It is also used to express commands, interdictions and requests, as there is no distinct imperative mood in the language. Conditional is used to speak of events whose realization depends on a certain condition ; then, it is used in both the main and the dependent clauses. | ||
=====''Polarity''===== | =====''Polarity''===== | ||
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====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
Adjectives agree in number and gender (masculine/feminine) with the noun they qualify. They're usually derived from nouns, but sometimes from verbs as well. Adjectives derived from nouns take on the suffix -''el(c)'', -''al(c)'', ''-ilc'' (/el/, /al/, /il/ ; masculine (masculine plural), feminine (feminine plural) and neuter plural, respectively) if the noun stem ends in a consonant ; or the suffix ''-le(c)'', -''la(c)'', -''lic'' (/le(s)/, /la(s)/, /lis/) if it ends in a vowel. As for adjectives derived from verbs, they're usually past participle with added suffixes for gender and number : ''-e(c)'', -''a(c)'', ''-i(c)''. The neutral only exist in the plural form nowadays and is used when an adjective qualifies several nouns of diverging gender. Adjectives are | Adjectives agree in number and gender (masculine/feminine) with the noun they qualify. They're usually derived from nouns, but sometimes from verbs as well. Adjectives derived from nouns often take on the suffix -''el(c)'', -''al(c)'', ''-ilc'' (/el/, /al/, /il/ ; masculine (masculine plural), feminine (feminine plural) and neuter plural, respectively) if the noun stem ends in a consonant ; or the suffix ''-le(c)'', -''la(c)'', -''lic'' (/le(s)/, /la(s)/, /lis/) if it ends in a vowel. As for adjectives derived from verbs, they're usually past participle with added suffixes for gender and number : ''-e(c)'', -''a(c)'', ''-i(c)''. The neutral only exist in the plural form nowadays and is used when an adjective qualifies several nouns of diverging gender. Adjectives are almost always placed after the noun they qualify. | ||
====Adverbs==== | ====Adverbs==== | ||
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====Prepositions==== | ====Prepositions==== | ||
To express many spatial or temporal relations and mark some diverse semantic roles, TolsianR relies on several function words which are placed before their complement and are thus prepositions. Here is a non-exhaustive list of prepositions : | To express many spatial or temporal relations and mark some diverse semantic roles, TolsianR relies on several function words which are placed before their complement and are thus prepositions. Here is a non-exhaustive list of prepositions : | ||
<poem> | |||
al - "to, towards" (direction) | |||
ao - "at" (position) | |||
alnit - "near, next to, around" | |||
aldig - "around" | |||
ante - "before" (temporal) | |||
danæ̊ - "after" (temporal), "behind" (spatial) | |||
dafac - "before, in front of" (spatial) | |||
apratke - "so, in order to" | |||
vek - "with" | |||
meko - "home, at someone's home" | |||
di - "in" | |||
da - "of, from" | |||
dal - "some" (partitive) | |||
damêr - "since" | |||
uduc - "under" | |||
duc - "on, over" | |||
ceda - "up to, until, till" | |||
pur - "towards, to, till, for" | |||
</poem> | |||
===Derivative Morphology=== | |||
TolsianR makes use of both prefixes and suffixes to derive new words from older ones ; some suffixes can change a word's grammatical category, whereas both suffixes and prefixes can be used to alter the meaning of a word. Word compounding also exists but is less prevalent in modern Tolsian. | |||
Here is a non-exhaustive list of prefixes and suffixes : | |||
<poem> | |||
'''Prefixes''' | |||
a- turns a verb into a reflexive verb | |||
u- creates an antonym | |||
ki-, k- diminutive | |||
go-, go͠- aumentative | |||
nda- controll, will | |||
'''Suffixes''' | |||
-r turns a noun or an adjective into a verb (after an -a- or an -i-) | |||
-ƃ turns a noun or an adjective into a verb | |||
- æ̊ noun | |||
- product | |||
</poem> | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||