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Revision as of 21:39, 12 February 2017
| Gaju | |
|---|---|
| Gaju | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|'gäɟu]] |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | Rttirria |
| Native to | Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki |
Rttirrian
| |
Gaju (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], Rttirri: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in Rttirria, spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern Rttirri, the nation's official language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ hm /m̥/ |
n /n/ hn /n̥/ |
ny /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |
| Plosive | p /pʰ/ b /p/ |
t /tʰ/ d /t/ |
ty /cʰ/ j /c/ |
k /kʰ/ k /k/ |
|
| Fricative | f /f/ | s /s/ sh /ʃ/ |
sy /ç/ | kh /x/ | h /h/ |
| Affricate | ts /t͡s/ ch /t͡ʃ/ |
||||
| Approximant | w /w/ hw /ʍ/ |
l /l/ hl /l̥~ɬ/ |
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: hng /ŋ̊/, hny /ɲ̥/, y /j/, hh /ʔ/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Near-high | ii /ɪ/ | ||
| Mid | e /e/ | uu /ə/ | o /o/ |
| Near-low | ee /ɛ/ | aa /ɔ/ | |
| Low | a /ä/ |
Tones
Gaju distinguishes four tones: high, low, rising, and falling. They are distinguished in the Latin script as follows:
- High: a aa e ee i ii o u uu
- Low: à àà è èè ì ìì ò ù ùù
- Rising: â ââ ê êê î îî ô û ûû
- Falling: ǎ ǎǎ ě ěě ǐ ǐǐ ǒ ǔ ǔǔ
The rising and falling tones are uncommon, being found only in loanwords and in a small number of native words where elision of VCV sequences has caused high-tone and low-tone syllables with the same vowel to occur adjacently to each other.
Grammar
Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.
Verbs
The following slots are allowed for affixes on the verb.
| Verb Slot | Allowable Inputs |
|---|---|
| Mood | fa- (polite imperative) nang- (subjunctive) kan- (conditional) khaa- (imperative) |
| Tense | -bu-/-bo-/-du-/-do-/-ju-/-jo- (past) -mi-/-me-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-/-nye- (future) |
| Verb Root | any verb |
| Auxiliary Verb | -(k)àng ("to be able to") -(à)kà ("to need to") -(d)èng ("to want to") -(g)ùng ("to force to") and others |
Nouns
Nouns can take the following cases:
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| nominative | (none) |
| accusative | -(g)e (singular) -(d)i (plural) |
| dative | -(ty)â |
| ablative | -(d)a |
| locative | -(l)î |
| comitative | -(aa)daa |
| instrumental | -(w)ǎm |
| vocative | -(a)saa |
Pronouns
The following pronouns are used. They were not affixed to the verb, but stood in the place of other nouns.
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Accusative | Nominative | Accusative | |
| 1st person | na | ni | ma | mi |
| 2nd person | kom | kim | tsa | tsi |
| 3rd person | la | ge | daa | di |
Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from fòkom ("there").
| English | Old Gaju |
|---|---|
| my | nà |
| your | kòm |
| his/her/its | fôm |
| our | mà |
| all of your | tsà |
| their | dàà |
Independent particles
The following particles can be used to express aspect and politeness; the default is imperfective.
| Aspect | Particle |
|---|---|
| Perfective | nam |
| Polite perfective | nyem |
| Habitual | shu |
| Polite habitual | tya |
The following question words are used:
| English | Old Gaju |
|---|---|
| who/whom | ta |
| what | ti |
| when | dìn |
| where | dâng |
| why | dìtà |
| how | dûng |