User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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==History== | |||
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]]'' | |||
Proto-North-Rttirrian descended from [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. A summary of the major changes from Proto-North-Rttirrian follows: | |||
* The old [[w:animacy|animacy]] system stopped being used to distinguish nouns or pronouns. However, the old third-person animacy affixes were reanalyzed as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages. | |||
* The "fourth tense" from Proto-Rttirrian, whose original function is unknown, became a sort of [[w:infinitive|infitinive]] or verbal noun mechanism. | |||
* The old consonant transcribed as *''l<sub>1</sub>'' mutated to /x/ and devoiced all adjacent consonants, while the old consonant *''l<sub>2</sub>'' simply disappeared. | |||
:* Adjacent to both *''l<sub>1</sub>'' and *''l<sub>2</sub>'', vowels mutated: | |||
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/ä/ > /ɔ/ | |||
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/i/ > /e/ | |||
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/u/ > /o/ | |||
* Similarly, when adjacent to the approximant /j/, */a/ raised to /e/ and */u/ lowered to /o/. */a/ also raised to /e/ when adjacent to a fricative, and */u/ lowered past /o/ to /ɔ/ when adjacent to */k/ and */g/. | |||
* The affricate /t͡ʃ/ shifted to /ʃ/. A voiced complement, /ʒ/, was formed by most instances of /z/ when adjacent to /i/, /e/, or /j/. | |||
* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/w/ merged into the fricative /β/. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 91: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. | Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. It no longer displayed the [[w:animacy|animacy]] system Proto-Rttirrian had, but it reanalyzed the inanimate third-person verb inflections as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 167: | Line 181: | ||
Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs: | Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs: | ||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo | :<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-viti gyo. | ||
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I | :1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-drag 3SG.ACC | ||
:I dragged it. | :I dragged it. | ||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa | :<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo. | ||
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II | :1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-drag 3SG.ACC | ||
:I tugged on it. | :I tugged on it. | ||
Revision as of 21:25, 24 February 2017
History
- See also: Proto-Rttirrian
Proto-North-Rttirrian descended from Proto-Rttirrian. A summary of the major changes from Proto-North-Rttirrian follows:
- The old animacy system stopped being used to distinguish nouns or pronouns. However, the old third-person animacy affixes were reanalyzed as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called Form II verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than Form I verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the Semitic languages.
- The "fourth tense" from Proto-Rttirrian, whose original function is unknown, became a sort of infitinive or verbal noun mechanism.
- The old consonant transcribed as *l1 mutated to /x/ and devoiced all adjacent consonants, while the old consonant *l2 simply disappeared.
- Adjacent to both *l1 and *l2, vowels mutated:
- */ä/ > /ɔ/
- */i/ > /e/
- */u/ > /o/
- Similarly, when adjacent to the approximant /j/, */a/ raised to /e/ and */u/ lowered to /o/. */a/ also raised to /e/ when adjacent to a fricative, and */u/ lowered past /o/ to /ɔ/ when adjacent to */k/ and */g/.
- The affricate /t͡ʃ/ shifted to /ʃ/. A voiced complement, /ʒ/, was formed by most instances of /z/ when adjacent to /i/, /e/, or /j/.
- */w/ merged into the fricative /β/.
Phonology
Consonants
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Retroflex | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | *rn /ɳ/ | |||
| Plosive | *p /p/ *b /b/ |
*t /t/ *d /d/ |
*k /k/ *g /g/ |
*rt /ʈ/ *rd /ɖ/ | ||
| Fricative | *f /ɸ/ *v /β/ |
*s /s/ *z /z/ |
*sh /ʃ/ *zh /ʒ/ |
|||
| Approximant | *y /j/ | *rl /ɭ/ *rr /ɻ/ |
Vowels
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of Proto-Rttirrian:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | |
| Mid-high | *e /e/ | *o /o/ | |
| Low-mid | *â /ɔ/ | ||
| Low | *a /ä/ |
Grammar
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of Proto-Rttirrian. It no longer displayed the animacy system Proto-Rttirrian had, but it reanalyzed the inanimate third-person verb inflections as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called Form II verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than Form I verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the Semitic languages.
Verbs
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:
| Verb Form I | Verb Form II | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |
| Past | *mo- | *mom- | *ap- | *am- | *bo- | *bom- | *mopa- | *mobam- | *apa- | *abam- | *papa- | *babam- |
| Present | *na- | *nam- | *af- | *sam- | *kha- | *khem- | *narda- | *nardam- | *arda- | *sardam- | *rdarda- | *rdardam- |
| Future | *ne- | *mi- | *ke- | *mi- | *khe- | *mi- | *nerdi- | *mirdi- | *kerdi- | *mirdi- | *rdirdi- | *mirdi- |
| Gerund/ Infinitive |
*ân- | *âm- | *âk- | *âm- | *ekh- | *âm- | *ânârd- | *âmâm- | *âkârd- | *âmâm- | *ârdârd- | *âmâm- |
Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:
- *Mo-viti gyo.
- 1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-drag 3SG.ACC
- I dragged it.
- *Mopa-vata gyo.
- 1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-drag 3SG.ACC
- I tugged on it.
- *Ân-kaba
- 1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
- that I stop abruptly
- *Ânârd-kâbâ
- 1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
- that I slow to a halt
Nouns
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Diminutive | Normal | Diminutive | |
| Nominative | — | *-a | *-ma | *-maz |
| Accusative (vestigial) |
*-i/*-y | *-ey/*-y | *-mi | *-mizh |
The following pronouns are reconstructed:
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |
| Nominative (emphatic) |
*naku | *napu | *atu | *saku | *âtu | *âku |
| Accusative | *ni | *mey | *ki | *ksey | *gyo | *goy |
| Possessive noun prefix |
*na- | *mi- | *ak- | *sa- | *â- | *e- |