User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
 
|image =
|name = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|pronunciation = ['gäɟu]
|region = Southeast Asia
|states = Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki
|setting = Rttirria
|speakers =
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam3 = Old Gaju
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! Nasal
!rowspan="2"|
| '''m''' /m/<br>'''hm''' /m̥/
!colspan="2"|Labial
| '''n''' /n/<br>'''hn''' /n̥/
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
!colspan="2"|Palatal
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
!rowspan="2"|Retroflex
|  
!colspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
|-
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| '''p''' /pʰ/<br>'''b''' /p/
| '''pʼ''' /pˤ/<br>'''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/
| '''t''' /tʰ/<br>'''d''' /t/
| '''pwʼ''' /pʷˤ/<br>'''pw''' /pʷ/<br>'''bw''' /bʷ/
| '''ty''' /cʰ/<br>'''j''' /c/
| '''tt''' /tʼ/<br>'''tʼ''' /tˤ/<br>'''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/
| '''k''' /kʰ/<br>'''k''' /k/
| '''ttw''' /tʷʼ/<br>'''twʼ''' /tʷˤ/<br>'''tw''' /tʷ/<br>'''dw''' /dʷ/
|
|
|
| '''kk''' /kʼ/<br>'''g''' /g/
| '''kkw''' /kʷʼ/<br>'''gw''' /gʷ/
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/<br>'''vʼ''' /vˤ/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
| '''sy''' /ç/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''z''' /z/
| '''kh''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/<br>'''zhʼ''' /ʒˤ/
|
|
| '''kh''' /x/<br>'''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
| '''tts''' /t͡sʼ/<br>'''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''dz''' /d͡z/
| '''ttsw''' /t͡sʷʼ/<br>'''tsw''' /t͡sʷ/<br>'''dzw''' /d͡zʷ/
| '''cch''' /t͡ʃʼ/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/<br>'''jʼ''' /d͡ʒ/<br>'''j''' /d͡ʒˤ/
| '''cchw''' /t͡ʃʷʼ/<br>'''chw''' /t͡ʃʷ/<br>'''jwʼ''' /d͡ʒʷ/<br>'''jw''' /d͡ʒʷˤ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
|
| '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /ɬ/<br>'''lj''' /ɮ/<br>'''ljʼ''' /ɮˤ/
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! Rhotic
| '''w''' /w/<br>'''hw''' /ʍ/
|
| '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /l̥~ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /ʐ/
|  
|  
|  
| '''rr''' /ʀ/
|-
! Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''mw''' /mʷ/
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/<br>'''ngʼ''' /ŋˤ/
| '''ngw''' /ŋʷ/<br>'''ngwʼ''' /ŋʷˤ/
|  
|  
|}
|}
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: '''hng''' /ŋ̊/, '''hny''' /ɲ̥/, '''y''' /j/, '''hh''' /ʔ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
! Near-back
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ui''' /y/
| '''ie''' /ɨ/
|
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
|-
! Near-high
! Near-high
| '''ii''' /ɪ/
|
|
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Mid
! High-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /e/
| '''uu''' /ə/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Near-low
! Low-mid
| '''ee''' /ɛ/
| '''oe''' /œ/
|
|
|
|
| '''aa''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
| '''a''' /ä/
|
|
|
| '''a''' /ɑ/<br>'''ao''' /ɒ/
|}
|}


===Tones===
===Phonotactics===
Stress falls on the first syllable.
 
Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.
===Verbs===
The following slots are allowed for affixes on the verb.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Verb Slot
! Allowable Inputs
|-
! Mood
| ''fa-'' (polite imperative)<br>''nang-'' (subjunctive)<br>''kan-'' (conditional)<br>''khaa-'' (imperative)
|-
! Tense
| ''-bu-/-bo-/-du-/-do-/-ju-/-jo-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-me-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-/-nye-'' (future)
|-
! Verb Root
| any verb
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-(k)àng'' ("to be able to")<br>''-(à)kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-(d)èng'' ("to want to")<br>''-(g)ùng'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns can take the following cases:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Case
! Suffix
|-
| nominative
| (none)
|-
| accusative
| ''-(g)e'' (singular)<br>''-(d)i'' (plural)
|-
| dative
| ''-(ty)â''
|-
| ablative
| ''-(d)a''
|-
| locative
| ''-(l)î''
|-
| comitative
| ''-(aa)daa''
|-
| instrumental
| ''-(w)ǎm''
|-
| vocative
| ''-(a)saa''
|}
===Pronouns===
===Independent particles===
The following particles can be used to express aspect and politeness; the default is imperfective.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Aspect
! Particle
|-
| Perfective
| ''nam''
|-
| Polite perfective
| ''nyem''
|-
| Habitual
| ''shu''
|-
| Polite habitual
| ''tya''
|}
The following question words are used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! English
! Old Gaju
|-
| who/whom
| ''ta''
|-
| what
| ''ti''
|-
| when
| ''dìn''
|-
| where
| ''dìtang''
|-
| why
| ''dìtà''
|-
| how
| ''dìtung''
|}


==Syntax==
===Syntax===


==Sample text==
==See also==


<!--
<!--
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Polysynthetic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Rttirria]]
-->
-->

Latest revision as of 01:39, 28 March 2017


Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex Velar Uvular
Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab.
Plosive pʼ /pˤ/
p /p/
b /b/ 		pwʼ /pʷˤ/
pw /pʷ/
bw /bʷ/ 		tt /tʼ/
tʼ /tˤ/
t /t/
d /d/ 		ttw /tʷʼ/
twʼ /tʷˤ/
tw /tʷ/
dw /dʷ/ 		kk /kʼ/
g /g/ 		kkw /kʷʼ/
gw /gʷ/
Fricative f /f/
v /v/
vʼ /vˤ/ 		s /s/
z /z/ 		sh /ʃ/
zh /ʒ/
zhʼ /ʒˤ/ 		kh /x/
gh /ɣ/
Affricate tts /t͡sʼ/
ts /t͡s/
dz /d͡z/ 		ttsw /t͡sʷʼ/
tsw /t͡sʷ/
dzw /d͡zʷ/ 		cch /t͡ʃʼ/
ch /t͡ʃ/
jʼ /d͡ʒ/
j /d͡ʒˤ/ 		cchw /t͡ʃʷʼ/
chw /t͡ʃʷ/
jwʼ /d͡ʒʷ/
jw /d͡ʒʷˤ/
Lateral l /l/
hl /ɬ/
lj /ɮ/
ljʼ /ɮˤ/
Rhotic r /ʐ/ rr /ʀ/
Nasal m /m/ mw /mʷ/ ng /ŋ/
ngʼ /ŋˤ/ 		ngw /ŋʷ/
ngwʼ /ŋʷˤ/

Vowels

Front Central Near-back Back
High i /i/
ui /y/ 		ie /ɨ/
Near-high u /ʊ/
High-mid e /e/ o /o/
Low-mid oe /œ/
Low a /ɑ/
ao /ɒ/

Phonotactics

Stress falls on the first syllable.

Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.

Grammar

Nouns

Syntax

See also

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