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{{Infobox language
 
|image =
|name = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|pronunciation = ['gäɟu]
|region = Southeast Asia
|states = Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki
|setting = Rttirria
|speakers =
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam3 = Old Gaju
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! Nasal
!rowspan="2"|
| '''m''' /m/<br>'''hm''' /m̥/
!colspan="2"|Labial
| '''n''' /n/<br>'''hn''' /n̥/
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
!colspan="2"|Palatal
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
!rowspan="2"|Retroflex
|  
!colspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
|-
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| '''p''' /pʰ/<br>'''b''' /p/
| '''pʼ''' /pˤ/<br>'''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/
| '''t''' /tʰ/<br>'''d''' /t/
| '''pwʼ''' /pʷˤ/<br>'''pw''' /pʷ/<br>'''bw''' /bʷ/
| '''ty''' /cʰ/<br>'''j''' /c/
| '''tt''' /tʼ/<br>'''tʼ''' /tˤ/<br>'''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/
| '''k''' /kʰ/<br>'''k''' /k/
| '''ttw''' /tʷʼ/<br>'''twʼ''' /tʷˤ/<br>'''tw''' /tʷ/<br>'''dw''' /dʷ/
|
|
|
| '''kk''' /kʼ/<br>'''g''' /g/
| '''kkw''' /kʷʼ/<br>'''gw''' /gʷ/
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/<br>'''vʼ''' /vˤ/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
| '''sy''' /ç/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''z''' /z/
| '''kh''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/<br>'''zhʼ''' /ʒˤ/
|
|
| '''kh''' /x/<br>'''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
| '''tts''' /t͡sʼ/<br>'''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''dz''' /d͡z/
| '''ttsw''' /t͡sʷʼ/<br>'''tsw''' /t͡sʷ/<br>'''dzw''' /d͡zʷ/
| '''cch''' /t͡ʃʼ/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/<br>'''jʼ''' /d͡ʒ/<br>'''j''' /d͡ʒˤ/
| '''cchw''' /t͡ʃʷʼ/<br>'''chw''' /t͡ʃʷ/<br>'''jwʼ''' /d͡ʒʷ/<br>'''jw''' /d͡ʒʷˤ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Approximant
! Lateral
| '''w''' /w/<br>'''hw''' /ʍ/
|
| '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /l̥~ɬ/
|
| '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /ɬ/<br>'''lj''' /ɮ/<br>'''ljʼ''' /ɮˤ/
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|-
! Rhotic
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /ʐ/
|
|
| '''rr''' /ʀ/
|-
! Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''mw''' /mʷ/
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/<br>'''ngʼ''' /ŋˤ/
| '''ngw''' /ŋʷ/<br>'''ngwʼ''' /ŋʷˤ/
|  
|  
|}
|}
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: '''hng''' /ŋ̊/, '''hny''' /ɲ̥/, '''y''' /j/, '''hh''' /ʔ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 69: Line 101:
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
! Near-back
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ui''' /y/
| '''ie''' /ɨ/
|
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
|-
! Near-high
! Near-high
| '''ii''' /ɪ/
|
|
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Mid
! High-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /e/
| '''uu''' /ə/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Near-low
! Low-mid
| '''ee''' /ɛ/
| '''oe''' /œ/
|
|
|
|
| '''aa''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
| '''a''' /ä/
|
|
|
| '''a''' /ɑ/<br>'''ao''' /ɒ/
|}
|}


===Tones===
===Phonotactics===
Gaju distinguishes four tones: high, low, rising, and falling. They are distinguished in the Latin script as follows:
Stress falls on the first syllable.
* High: '''a aa e ee i ii o u uu'''
* Low: '''à àà è èè ì ìì ò ù ùù'''
* Rising: '''â ââ ê êê î îî ô û ûû'''
* Falling: '''ǎ ǎǎ ě ěě ǐ ǐǐ ǒ ǔ ǔǔ'''


The rising and falling tones are uncommon, being found only in loanwords and in a small number of native words where elision of ''VhV'' sequences has caused high-tone and low-tone syllables with the same vowel to occur adjacently to each other.
Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.
===Verbs===
The following slots are allowed for affixes on the verb.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Verb Slot
! Allowable Inputs
|-
! Mood
| ''fa-'' (polite imperative)<br>''nang-'' (subjunctive)<br>''kan-'' (conditional)<br>''khaa-'' (imperative)
|-
! Tense
| ''-bu-/-bo-/-du-/-do-/-ju-/-jo-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-me-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-/-nye-'' (future)
|-
! Verb Root
| any verb
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-(k)àng'' ("to be able to")<br>''-(à)kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-(d)èng'' ("to want to")<br>''-(g)ùng'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns can take the following cases:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Case
! Suffix
|-
| nominative
| (none)
|-
| accusative
| ''-(g)e'' (singular)<br>''-(d)i'' (plural)
|-
| dative
| ''-(ty)â''
|-
| ablative
| ''-(d)a''
|-
| locative
| ''-(l)î''
|-
| comitative
| ''-(aa)daa''
|-
| instrumental
| ''-(w)ǎm''
|-
| vocative
| ''-(a)saa''
|}
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns are used. They were not affixed to the verb, but stood in the place of other nouns.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!
! Nominative
! Accusative
! Nominative
! Accusative
|-
! 1st person
| ''na''
| ''ni''
| ''ma''
| ''mi''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''kom''
| ''kim''
| ''tsa''
| ''tsi''
|-
! 3rd person
| ''la''
| ''ge''
| ''daa''
| ''di''
|}
Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from ''fòkom'' ("there").
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! English
! Old Gaju
|-
| my
| ''nà''
|-
| your
| ''kòm''
|-
| his/her/its
| ''fôm''
|-
| our
| ''mà''
|-
| all of your
| ''tsà''
|-
| their
| ''dàà''
|}
===Independent particles===
The following particles can be used to express aspect and politeness; the default is imperfective.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Aspect
! Particle
|-
| Perfective
| ''nam''
|-
| Polite perfective
| ''nyem''
|-
| Habitual
| ''shu''
|-
| Polite habitual
| ''tya''
|}
The following question words are used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! English
! Old Gaju
|-
| who/whom
| ''ta''
|-
| what
| ''ti''
|-
| when
| ''dìn''
|-
| where
| ''dìtang''
|-
| why
| ''dìtà''
|-
| how
| ''dìtung''
|}


==Syntax==
===Syntax===


==Sample text==
==See also==


<!--
<!--
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Polysynthetic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Rttirria]]
-->
-->

Latest revision as of 01:39, 28 March 2017


Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex Velar Uvular
Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab.
Plosive pʼ /pˤ/
p /p/
b /b/ 		pwʼ /pʷˤ/
pw /pʷ/
bw /bʷ/ 		tt /tʼ/
tʼ /tˤ/
t /t/
d /d/ 		ttw /tʷʼ/
twʼ /tʷˤ/
tw /tʷ/
dw /dʷ/ 		kk /kʼ/
g /g/ 		kkw /kʷʼ/
gw /gʷ/
Fricative f /f/
v /v/
vʼ /vˤ/ 		s /s/
z /z/ 		sh /ʃ/
zh /ʒ/
zhʼ /ʒˤ/ 		kh /x/
gh /ɣ/
Affricate tts /t͡sʼ/
ts /t͡s/
dz /d͡z/ 		ttsw /t͡sʷʼ/
tsw /t͡sʷ/
dzw /d͡zʷ/ 		cch /t͡ʃʼ/
ch /t͡ʃ/
jʼ /d͡ʒ/
j /d͡ʒˤ/ 		cchw /t͡ʃʷʼ/
chw /t͡ʃʷ/
jwʼ /d͡ʒʷ/
jw /d͡ʒʷˤ/
Lateral l /l/
hl /ɬ/
lj /ɮ/
ljʼ /ɮˤ/
Rhotic r /ʐ/ rr /ʀ/
Nasal m /m/ mw /mʷ/ ng /ŋ/
ngʼ /ŋˤ/ 		ngw /ŋʷ/
ngwʼ /ŋʷˤ/

Vowels

Front Central Near-back Back
High i /i/
ui /y/ 		ie /ɨ/
Near-high u /ʊ/
High-mid e /e/ o /o/
Low-mid oe /œ/
Low a /ɑ/
ao /ɒ/

Phonotactics

Stress falls on the first syllable.

Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.

Grammar

Nouns

Syntax

See also

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