User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
The following pronouns | The following pronouns were used: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 312: | Line 312: | ||
| ''*tuqun'' | | ''*tuqun'' | ||
| ''*qinchin'' | | ''*qinchin'' | ||
|} | |||
====Case declension==== | |||
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Singular | |||
! colspan="4" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Masc. | |||
! Neut. | |||
! Fem. | |||
! Them. | |||
! Masc. | |||
! Neut. | |||
! Fem. | |||
! Them. | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*-∅'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''*-∅'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)s'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''*-(a)x'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ish'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i'' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-∅'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''*-(a)m'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)m'' | |||
| ''*-es'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-es'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s'' | |||
| ''*-shu'' | |||
| colspan="4" | ''*-um'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan="4" | ''*-ij'' | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mus'' | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)d'' | |||
| ''*-(a)s'' | |||
| ''*-(a)d'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-ij'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''*-sav'' | |||
| ''*-shaf'' | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)x'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj'' | |||
| ''*-(a)sh'' | |||
|- | |||
! Comitative | |||
| ''*-mum'' | |||
| ''*-kum'' | |||
| ''*-shum'' | |||
| ''*-mum'' | |||
| ''*-skum'' | |||
| ''*-xum'' | |||
| ''*-shum'' | |||
| ''*-skum'' | |||
|- | |||
! Illative | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*-shax'' | |||
| ''*-shin'' | |||
| ''*-shax'' | |||
| colspan="4" | ''*-shin'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 23:51, 16 May 2017
| Pre-??? | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
Indo-European
| |
History
Phonology
Consonants
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Plain | Labialized | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *ky /kʲ/ | *k /k/ | *kw /kʷ/ | ||||
| Voiced | *d /t/ | *gy /gʲ/ | *g /g/ | *gw /gʷ/ | ||||||
| Aspirated | *ph /pʰ/ | *th /tʰ/ | *kyh /kʲʰ/ | *kh /kʰ/ | *kwh /kʷʰ/ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | *f /f/ | *s /s/ | *sh /ʃ/ | *x /x/ | *q /χ/ | *qw /χʷ/ | |||
| Voiced | *v /v/ | *j /ʒ/ | ||||||||
| Affricate | *ch /t͡ʃ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | |||||||||
| Flap/Trill | *r /r/ | |||||||||
Vowels
The following vowel phonemes are used:
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Short | Long | |
| High | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | |||
| Mid | *e /e/ | *ē /eː/ | *o /o/ | *ō /oː/ | |
| Low | *a /a/ | ||||
Stress accent
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of Proto-Indo-European. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
- á é í ó ú ḗ ṓ
Grammar
Pronouns
The following pronouns were used:
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |||||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |||||
| Nominative | *xig | *evij | *fax | *jafa | *su | *tud | *siq | *qins | *tuj | *tuq | *tiqaj | *qini |
| Accusative | *amí | *esmí | *fí | *vōs | *tum | *tiq | *qim | *tuns | *tiqes | *qines | ||
| Genitive | *míni | *esu | *tívi | *shafsu | *safó | *isiq | *qinchu | *tisum | *tiqum | *qinum | ||
| Dative | *míshu | *esmij | *pháju | *fasmij | *smṓj | *qij | *qinij | *tujmaf | *tiqmaf | *qimus | ||
| Ablative | *míd | *esmid | *fíd | *fasmid | *smṓd | *qind | *tujus | *tuqus | ||||
| Locative | *muáj | *esmaj | *tuáj | *fasmaj | *smaj | *qaj | *qinch | *chaf | *tiqshaf | *qinchaf | ||
| Instrumental | *esmáj | *fasmu | *tuj | *qinax | *tushphaj | *tiqphaj | *qinash | |||||
| Comitative | *amík | *esmík | *fíkum | *vōskum | *tiqum | *tudum | *tuqum | *qimum | *tunsum | *tuqum | *tiqem | *qiskum |
| Illative | *míshuq | *esmin | *phájux | *fasmin | *smṓsh | *shin | *qinchax | *tujman | *tuqun | *qinchin | ||
Case declension
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |
| Nominative | *-∅ | *-∅ | *-(a)s | *-i | *-(a)x | *-ish | *-i | |
| Vocative | *-∅ | |||||||
| Accusative | *-(a)m | *-(a)m | *-es | *-es | ||||
| Genitive | *-(a)s | *-shu | *-um | |||||
| Dative | *-ij | *-mus | ||||||
| Ablative | *-(a)d | *-(a)s | *-(a)d | |||||
| Locative | *-ij | *-(a)j | *-sav | *-shaf | ||||
| Instrumental | *-(a)x | *-phaj | *-(a)sh | |||||
| Comitative | *-mum | *-kum | *-shum | *-mum | *-skum | *-xum | *-shum | *-skum |
| Illative | *-shax | *-shin | *-shax | *-shin | ||||
Verb phrases
Person/number conjugation
| Athematic | Thematic | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |
| Past | *-am | *-amí | *-as | *-ití | *-at | *-and | *-um | *-umi | *-is | *-iti | *-id | *-und |
| Present | *-ma | *-mus | *-sa | *-ti | *-ta | *-anch | *-u | *-um | *-ash | *-it | *-umu | *-unch |