User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Retroflex
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
|
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! |
!
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
Line 57: Line 96:
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
| *'''u''' /u/
|
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
|
|  
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
|  
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]].
===Pronouns===
 
The following pronouns were used:
===Verbs===
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
!colspan="6" | Verb Form I
!colspan="6" | Verb Form II
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
|-
!colspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
!colspan="2" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Ablative
! Pl.
| ''*míd''
! Sing.
| ''*esmed''
! Pl.
| ''*fíd''
! Sing.
| ''*fasmed''
! Pl.
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
! Sing.
| ''*rind''
! Pl.
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
! Sing.
| ''*turos''
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
!Past
! Locative
| ''*mo-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*mom-''
| ''*esmaj''
| ''*ap-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*am-''
| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*bo-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*bom-''
| ''*raj''
| ''*mopa-''
| ''*rinch''
| ''*mobam-''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*apa-''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*abam-''
| ''*rinchø''
| ''*papa-''
| ''*babam-''
|-
|-
!Present
! Instrumental
| ''*na-''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*fasmo''
| ''*af-''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*rinar''
| ''*kha-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*khem-''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*narda-''
| ''*rinash''
| ''*nardam-''
| ''*arda-''
| ''*sardam-''
| ''*rdarda-''
| ''*rdardam-''
|-
|-
!Future
! Comitative
| ''*ne-''
| ''*amík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*fík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*khe-''
| ''*tyrom''
| ''*mi-''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*nerdi-''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*kerdi-''
| ''*turom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rdirdi-''
| ''*rinsom''
| ''*mirdi-''
|-
|-
!Gerund/<br>Infinitive
! Illative
| ''*ân-''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*âk-''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*fasmen''
| ''*ekh-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*shin''
| ''*ânârd-''
| ''*rinchar''
| ''*âmâm-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*âkârd-''
| ''*turon''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*rinchen''
| ''*ârdârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
|}
|}


Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:
====Case declension====
 
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-i-viti gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I dragged it.


:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-y'''a'''-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I tugged on it.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ân-kaba
:1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
:that I stop abruptly
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ânârd-k'''â'''b'''â'''
:1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
:that I slow to a halt
===Nouns===
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
! Normal
! colspan="4" | Singular
! Diminutive
! colspan="4" | Plural
! Normal
|-
! Diminutive
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| —
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-maz''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
|-
! Accusative<br>(vestigial)
! Illative
| ''*-i/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-ey/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''*-mi''
| ''*-mizh''
|}
|}


The following pronouns are reconstructed:
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 225: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*naku''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*napu''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*atu''
| ''*-as''
| ''*saku''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtu''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âku''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*mey''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*ksey''
| ''*-te''
| ''*gyo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goy''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 02:25, 13 June 2017

History

  • As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more agglutinative, requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:

Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Plosive Voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/
Voiced *d /d/ *g /g/
Aspirated *ph /pʰ/ *th /tʰ/ *kh /kʰ/
Fricative Voiceless *f /f/ *s /s/ *sh /ʃ/
Voiced *v /v/ *j /ʒ/
Affricate Voiced *dj /d͡ʒ/
Voiceless *ch /t͡ʃ/
Aspirated *cch /t͡ʃʰ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/
Flap/Trill *r /r/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

Front Central Back
High *i /i/ *u /ʉ/
Mid-high *e /e/ *o /o/
Mid *y /ə/
Mid-low *ø /ɔ/
Low *a /a/

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *shig *e *far *ja *su *tud *sir *ris *tuj *tur *tiraj *rini
Accusative *amí *esmí *fí *vosí *tum *tir *rim *tuns *tires *rines
Genitive *míne *eso *tíve *shøso *søfó *iser *rincho *tisom *tirom *rinom
Dative *mísho *esmej *phájo *fasmej *smój *rij *rinej *tujmø *timø *rimos
Ablative *míd *esmed *fíd *fasmed *smód *rind *tujos *turos
Locative *muáj *esmaj *tuáj *fasmaj *smaj *raj *rinch *chø *tichø *rinchø
Instrumental *esmáj *fasmo *tuj *rinar *tushphaj *tiphaj *rinash
Comitative *amík *esmík *fík *vosík *tyrom *turom *rimom *tunsom *turom *tirsom *rinsom
Illative *míshor *esmen *phájor *fasmen *smósh *shin *rinchar *tujman *turon *rinchen

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *-(a)m *-∅/-y *-(a)s *-(a)sh *-∅/-y *-(a)r *-(y)sh *-∅/-y
Accusative *-(a)m *-(e)s *-(e)s
Genitive (inalienable) *-(a)s *-(s)om
Genitive (alienable) *-sho *-shom
Dative *-(y)j *-mos
Ablative *-(a)d *-dom
Adessive *-(j)ej *-sø
Inessive *-(j)aj *-jom
Instrumental *-(a)r *-phaj
Comitative *-(i)k *-kom
Illative *-shar *-shen

Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.

*pipi-sh-as
chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
the chick's
*pipi-∅-som
chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
the chicks'

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

Athematic Thematic
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *-ø *-ømí *-as *-etí *-a *-and *-om *-ome *-es *-ete *-ed *-ond
Present *-ma *-mos *-sa *-te *-ta *-ach *-o *-om *-ash *-et *-omo *-och
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