User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==History==
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]]''
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
Proto-North-Rttirrian descended from [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. A summary of the major changes from Proto-North-Rttirrian follows:
* The old [[w:animacy|animacy]] system stopped being used to distinguish nouns or pronouns. However, the old third-person animacy affixes were reanalyzed as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages.
* The "fourth tense" from Proto-Rttirrian, whose original function is unknown, became a sort of [[w:infinitive|infitinive]] or verbal noun mechanism.
* The old consonant transcribed as *''l<sub>1</sub>'' mutated to /x/ and devoiced all adjacent consonants, while the old consonant *''l<sub>2</sub>'' simply disappeared.
:* Adjacent to both *''l<sub>1</sub>'' and *''l<sub>2</sub>'', vowels mutated:
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/ä/ > /ɔ/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/i/ > /e/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/u/ > /o/
* Similarly, when adjacent to the approximant /j/, */a/ raised to /e/ and */u/ lowered to /o/. */a/ also raised to /e/ when adjacent to a fricative, and */u/ lowered past /o/ to /ɔ/ when adjacent to */k/ and */g/.
* The affricate /t͡ʃ/ shifted to /ʃ/. A voiced complement, /ʒ/, was formed by most instances of /z/ when adjacent to /i/, /e/, or /j/.
* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/w/ merged into the fricative /β/.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Retroflex
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
|
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! |
!
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
Line 71: Line 96:
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
| *'''u''' /u/
|
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
|
|  
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
|  
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. It no longer displayed the [[w:animacy|animacy]] system Proto-Rttirrian had, but it reanalyzed the inanimate third-person verb inflections as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages.
===Pronouns===
 
The following pronouns were used:
===Verbs===
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
!colspan="6" | Verb Form I
!colspan="6" | Verb Form II
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
|-
!colspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
!colspan="2" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Ablative
! Pl.
| ''*míd''
! Sing.
| ''*esmed''
! Pl.
| ''*fíd''
! Sing.
| ''*fasmed''
! Pl.
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
! Sing.
| ''*rind''
! Pl.
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
! Sing.
| ''*turos''
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
!Past
! Locative
| ''*mo-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*mom-''
| ''*esmaj''
| ''*ap-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*am-''
| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*bo-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*bom-''
| ''*raj''
| ''*mopa-''
| ''*rinch''
| ''*mobam-''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*apa-''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*abam-''
| ''*rinchø''
| ''*papa-''
| ''*babam-''
|-
|-
!Present
! Instrumental
| ''*na-''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*fasmo''
| ''*af-''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*rinar''
| ''*kha-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*khem-''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*narda-''
| ''*rinash''
| ''*nardam-''
| ''*arda-''
| ''*sardam-''
| ''*rdarda-''
| ''*rdardam-''
|-
|-
!Future
! Comitative
| ''*ne-''
| ''*amík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*fík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*khe-''
| ''*tyrom''
| ''*mi-''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*nerdi-''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*kerdi-''
| ''*turom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rdirdi-''
| ''*rinsom''
| ''*mirdi-''
|-
|-
!Gerund/<br>Infinitive
! Illative
| ''*ân-''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*âk-''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*fasmen''
| ''*ekh-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*shin''
| ''*ânârd-''
| ''*rinchar''
| ''*âmâm-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*âkârd-''
| ''*turon''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*rinchen''
| ''*ârdârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
|}
|}


Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:
====Case declension====
 
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-i-viti gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I dragged it.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-y'''a'''-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I tugged on it.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ân-kaba
:1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
:that I stop abruptly


:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ânârd-k'''â'''b'''â'''
:1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
:that I slow to a halt
===Nouns===
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
|-
! Normal
! Masc.
! Diminutive
! Neut.
! Normal
! Fem.
! Diminutive
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| —
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-maz''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
|-
! Accusative<br>(vestigial)
! Illative
| ''*-i/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-ey/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''*-mi''
| ''*-mizh''
|}
|}


The following pronouns are reconstructed:
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 239: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*naku''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*napu''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*atu''
| ''*-as''
| ''*saku''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtu''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âku''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*mey''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*ksey''
| ''*-te''
| ''*gyo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goy''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 02:25, 13 June 2017

History

  • As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more agglutinative, requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:

Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Plosive Voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/
Voiced *d /d/ *g /g/
Aspirated *ph /pʰ/ *th /tʰ/ *kh /kʰ/
Fricative Voiceless *f /f/ *s /s/ *sh /ʃ/
Voiced *v /v/ *j /ʒ/
Affricate Voiced *dj /d͡ʒ/
Voiceless *ch /t͡ʃ/
Aspirated *cch /t͡ʃʰ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/
Flap/Trill *r /r/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

Front Central Back
High *i /i/ *u /ʉ/
Mid-high *e /e/ *o /o/
Mid *y /ə/
Mid-low *ø /ɔ/
Low *a /a/

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *shig *e *far *ja *su *tud *sir *ris *tuj *tur *tiraj *rini
Accusative *amí *esmí *fí *vosí *tum *tir *rim *tuns *tires *rines
Genitive *míne *eso *tíve *shøso *søfó *iser *rincho *tisom *tirom *rinom
Dative *mísho *esmej *phájo *fasmej *smój *rij *rinej *tujmø *timø *rimos
Ablative *míd *esmed *fíd *fasmed *smód *rind *tujos *turos
Locative *muáj *esmaj *tuáj *fasmaj *smaj *raj *rinch *chø *tichø *rinchø
Instrumental *esmáj *fasmo *tuj *rinar *tushphaj *tiphaj *rinash
Comitative *amík *esmík *fík *vosík *tyrom *turom *rimom *tunsom *turom *tirsom *rinsom
Illative *míshor *esmen *phájor *fasmen *smósh *shin *rinchar *tujman *turon *rinchen

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *-(a)m *-∅/-y *-(a)s *-(a)sh *-∅/-y *-(a)r *-(y)sh *-∅/-y
Accusative *-(a)m *-(e)s *-(e)s
Genitive (inalienable) *-(a)s *-(s)om
Genitive (alienable) *-sho *-shom
Dative *-(y)j *-mos
Ablative *-(a)d *-dom
Adessive *-(j)ej *-sø
Inessive *-(j)aj *-jom
Instrumental *-(a)r *-phaj
Comitative *-(i)k *-kom
Illative *-shar *-shen

Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.

*pipi-sh-as
chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
the chick's
*pipi-∅-som
chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
the chicks'

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

Athematic Thematic
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *-ø *-ømí *-as *-etí *-a *-and *-om *-ome *-es *-ete *-ed *-ond
Present *-ma *-mos *-sa *-te *-ta *-ach *-o *-om *-ash *-et *-omo *-och
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