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Cwengâr: Difference between revisions
→Grammar
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===Essentials=== | ===Essentials=== | ||
==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
Cwengâr pronouns are gendered, while the inclusive/exclusive We not been developed as in Fén. Unlike Fén, Cwengâr preserves the Proto-Occidens pronouns which Fén eliminates. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Pronoun !! Fem. !! Masc. | |||
|- | |||
| 1S || Ty || Du | |||
|- | |||
| 2S || Ra || Rhà | |||
|- | |||
| 3S || Le || Lho | |||
|- | |||
| 1P || Ŷsh || Ês | |||
|- | |||
| 2P || Yra || Ôrhà | |||
|- | |||
| 3P || Âla || Ulhà | |||
|} | |||
====Broad & Slender==== | |||
In Cwengâr there is a necessary accord between vowels and consonants, which can be paralleled to the Gaelic terms of "Broad" and "Slender"; | |||
*Front-Closed vowels tend toward the Slender category and the preceding consonants will always be Unvoiced. R or L may also precede them. | |||
*Back-Open vowels tend toward the "Broad" category and preceding consonants will be Voiced. Rh or Lh may also precede them. | |||
An exception to this rule of accord is Nasal consonants which do not have a voiced/unvoiced distinction. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="align:center; | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="align:center; | ||
!| | !|Broad | ||
!| | !|Slender | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ê | |ê | ||
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|} | |} | ||
This division has also taken on secondary relevance in regards to gender as Broad syllables are considered more masculine and Slender more Feminine [and in some dialects diminuitive]. Thus personal names as well as some titles, placenames and animals may be either made Broad or Slender by switching to the corresponding vowel above. | |||
Most inanimate objects or nouns being used in general conversation, when gender is not in question, will simply use the etymological origin which predates this distinction. Thus most dialects prefer the very masculine title of "Cwŷdyn" [King] rather than Gwêdyn or Gwêdynôn. | |||
Even with animals, the distinction usually to the roots of the term for a gender neutral term but when an animal's gender is relevant, the syllable may be changed to emphasize gender; merygw "Sheep" becomes "morygw" or "ram". | |||
To emphasize gender in a noun which defaults to the gender, a suffix if added; Female is usually signaled with an addition at the end or "-ŷn" or "-yn". "-ul" may be used at times to emphasize age. Male in turn is signified with "-on" or "-àn". "-àl" is a paternal counterpart to "-ul" but is used more rarely usually only for people seen actively serving as guardians. | To emphasize gender in a noun which defaults to the gender, a suffix if added; Female is usually signaled with an addition at the end or "-ŷn" or "-yn". "-ul" may be used at times to emphasize age. Male in turn is signified with "-on" or "-àn". "-àl" is a paternal counterpart to "-ul" but is used more rarely usually only for people seen actively serving as guardians. | ||
Thus ''merycwŷn'' is an "ewe" while ''merycwul'' would be an "old-ewe" or "mother-sheep", while ''morygwàl'' might be used to refer to an old sheep. | Thus ''merycwŷn'' is an "ewe" while ''merycwul'' would be an "old-ewe" or "mother-sheep", while ''morygwàl'' might be used to refer to an old male-sheep. | ||
====Consonant Agreement Between Words==== | ====Consonant Agreement Between Words==== | ||
The Masculine-Feminine Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example; | The Masculine-Feminine Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun, verb or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example; | ||
fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty. | fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty. | ||
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====Mutations==== | ====Mutations==== | ||
Cwengâr has two kinds of mutations which can occur depending on the function of the word in the sentance that either "strengthens" or "weakens" the initial consonant. | |||
A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed. | A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed. | ||
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An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel. | An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel. | ||
====Genitive | ====An Alternate Interpretation==== | ||
To those more acquianted with declining and conjugating languages and less interested in historical interpretation of Cwengâr's grammar could consider the these mutations and accords as filling a similar niche to cases. It is rare that a single word may be used in all of these senses in common situations and in this case "Clothing" has been used even if Adjectival and Adverbal forms are rare. | |||
Gwotad - /ɢɑtad/ - Neutral-Subject Form for "Clothing" depending on position in the sentance. | |||
G'hotad- /ɣɑtad/ - Soft Mutation- Object Form for "Clothing", may also occur when a present tense verb is preceded by an adjective. | |||
Ngotad- /ŋɑtad/ - Nasal Mutation- Conjugated Verb Form & Genitive Form [Preceded by a Possessor or an Prefix which determines tense]. More information on the Genitive form below. | |||
Gwota(d)- /ɢɑtad/, /ɢɑtat/, /ɢɑta/- Consonant Accord- This occurs in Adjectives and Adverbs, in many it occurs in Verbs as well, thus "Clothing-like", "Clothingly" and "To Clothe". however in many others it does not. Whether these consonants are voiced is determined by the initial consonant of the next word. If there the next word begins with a vowel, most dialects will leave it as it is, others will default to voiced and some | |||
====Genitive Form==== | |||
In Cwengâr, the possessive is expressed with a hard declension on the possessed object. | In Cwengâr, the possessive is expressed with a hard declension on the possessed object. | ||
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This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use feminine traditionally. | This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use feminine traditionally. | ||
Unlike Fén which has very clearly distinct Determiners, the nature of Cwengâr determiners are determined by preposition often, thus questions such as "Why", "Who", "Where" & " How"are determined by preposition or other auxiliary; | |||
"Pon [e] hat?" is Why | |||
"Cwe [e] hat" is Where similarly, though in this case the preposition changes towards the relevant preposition; Towards, In, After, etc. | |||
"Alŷn [e] at"/"Ôlhon [e] âd" is "Who" | |||
"How" is usually asked "Târ... rŷ/rhàlh e âd[à]/ât[a]?" or "do... by what?" | |||
===Relative Clauses=== | ===Relative Clauses=== | ||