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In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall". | In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall". | ||
These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door" | These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking). | ||
<h3> | <h3>Direct and Indirect Verbs</h3> | ||
Verbs have a root form, from | Verbs have a root form, which in itself is only used in compounds. However from this various other base forms are derived which can stand alone in speech. The two most important of these base forms are the direct base and the indirect base. | ||
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are | |||
the verb | |||
corresponding | The direct base is used when the topic of the sentence is a core argument of the verb (subject of an intransitive verb, agent or patient of a transitive verb). The indirect base is used when the topic of a sentence is an oblique argument. | ||
Below is a list of verb roots with their | |||
corresponding indirect and direct bases: | |||
| | ||
Line 16: | Line 20: | ||
doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, | doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, | ||
intransitive, | intransitive, indirect | ||
`tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – | `tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – | ||
to drag, intransitive, | to drag, intransitive, direct | ||
| | ||
Line 26: | Line 30: | ||
`ròedla /ʱʁɘʱdɮa/ - red, | `ròedla /ʱʁɘʱdɮa/ - red, | ||
indirect | |||
`ròedù /ʱʁɘʱduʱ/ - red, | `ròedù /ʱʁɘʱduʱ/ - red, | ||
direct | |||
| | ||
Line 37: | Line 41: | ||
'kiraeypyu /kiʁɛipʲu/ | 'kiraeypyu /kiʁɛipʲu/ | ||
- to become scraped, | - to become scraped, indirect | ||
'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨʱ/ | 'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨʱ/ | ||
- to become scraped, | - to become scraped, direct | ||
| |||
<h4>Direct Base</h4> | |||
This is the "default" form of the verb that is used normally. | |||
| |||
<h5>Regular Formation</h5> | |||
The default way of forming it is by putting | |||
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in | |||
the same way as normal e.g. | |||
| |||
éypyii /ʔeiˤpʲiː/ - | |||
to spit out, root | |||
éypyùey /ʔeiˤpʲɨiʱ/ | |||
- to spit out, direct | |||
| |||
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left | |||
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g. | |||
| |||
gowpeyee /goupejeː/ - to suffer a | |||
setback, root | |||
gowpòeyòoe /goupɘʱjɘːʱ/ | |||
- to suffer a setback, direct | |||
| |||
inyelee /ʔiɲeleː/ - to | |||
pierce, root | |||
ùenyòelòoe /ʔɨʱɲɘʱleː/ | |||
- to pierce, direct | |||
| |||
kiveluun /kiɥeluːɴ/ - to | |||
die, root | |||
kùevòelùun /kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ/ | |||
- to die, direct | |||
| |||
Remember that Antarctican only permits | |||
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels | |||
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a | |||
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g. | |||
| |||
hlõ /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root | |||
lào /lɜʱ/ - to perform, direct | |||
| |||
These changes do not affect phonation | |||
spreading though, as we can see from: | |||
| |||
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth, | |||
intransitive, root | |||
`màotùsòe /ʱmɜʱtuʱsɘʱ/ | |||
- to give birth, intransitive, direct | |||
| |||
nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | |||
`nyùeypòe /ʱɲɨipɘʱ/ - to | |||
snow, direct | |||
| |||
san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | |||
sàonkùesòe /sɜɴʱkɨʱsɜʱ/ | |||
- to bleed, direct | |||
| |||
When a consonant such as a voiceless | |||
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel | |||
preceding it is /ɨ/ or /ɘ/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning | |||
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g. | |||
| | ||
<h4> | yuentorõ /jɨɴtoʁɔ/ - | ||
to introduce oneself, root | |||
yintùrào /jiɴtuʱʁɜʱ/ | |||
- to introduce oneself, direct | |||
| |||
imuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down, root | |||
imipù /ʔimipuʱ/ - to sit down, direct | |||
| |||
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root | |||
nitùsòe /nituʱsɘʱ/ - to be | |||
fed on, direct | |||
| |||
poensaa /pɘɴsaː/ - to be lost | |||
in deep thought, root | |||
pensàao /peɴsɜːʱ/ - to | |||
be lost in deep thought, direct | |||
| |||
If the vowel is /ɛ/, or a diphthong | |||
starting with /ɛ/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/ | |||
e.g. | |||
'kiraeypi /kiʁɛipi/ - to | |||
become scraped, root | |||
'kiraypùe /kiʁaipɨʱ/ | |||
- to become scraped, direct | |||
| |||
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5> | |||
In addition to this, some verbs lose their | |||
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g. | |||
| |||
doleegi /doleːgi/ - to drag, | |||
intransitive, root | |||
tùlòoezi /tuʱlɘːʱzi/ – | |||
to drag, intransitive, direct (-gùe has been replaced with -zi). | |||
| |||
bilidli /bilidɮi/ - to make it across, | |||
root | |||
pùelùezi /pɨʱlɨʱzi/ - | |||
to make it across, direct | |||
| |||
<h4>indirect Base</h4> | |||
This is used when the topic of the sentence is an oblique argument of the verb, not a core argument (i.e. not the subject of an intransitive verb or the agent / patient of a transitive verb). | |||
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex | How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex | ||
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard | and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard | ||
Line 62: | Line 230: | ||
hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | ||
indirect | |||
| | ||
Line 75: | Line 243: | ||
éypyi-eey /ʔeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ | éypyi-eey /ʔeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ | ||
- to spit out, | - to spit out, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 83: | Line 251: | ||
inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | ||
- to pierce, | - to pierce, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 91: | Line 259: | ||
kiveli-ewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - | kiveli-ewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - | ||
to die, | to die, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 145: | Line 313: | ||
yuentolõ /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to | yuentolõ /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to | ||
introduce oneself, | introduce oneself, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 158: | Line 326: | ||
nangaluu /naŋaluː/ - to flow, | nangaluu /naŋaluː/ - to flow, | ||
indirect | |||
| | ||
Line 166: | Line 334: | ||
'kiramyu /ˤkiʁamʲu/ - to | 'kiramyu /ˤkiʁamʲu/ - to | ||
swell up, | swell up, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 174: | Line 342: | ||
imuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit | imuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit | ||
down, | down, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 236: | Line 404: | ||
nuetoze /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | nuetoze /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | ||
nitù /nituʱ/ - to be fed on, | nitù /nituʱ/ - to be fed on, indirect | ||
siboete /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | siboete /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | ||
sipáe /sipɛˤ/ - to all be present, | sipáe /sipɛˤ/ - to all be present, indirect (remember that Antarctican does not like plain voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | ||
| | ||
Line 255: | Line 423: | ||
`màotù /ʱmɜʱtuʱ/ - to give | `màotù /ʱmɜʱtuʱ/ - to give | ||
birth, intransitive, | birth, intransitive, indirect | ||
| | ||
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`nyùue /ʱɲɨːʱ/ - to snow, | `nyùue /ʱɲɨːʱ/ - to snow, | ||
indirect | |||
| | ||
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sàon-gùe /sɜʱɴgɨʱ/ | sàon-gùe /sɜʱɴgɨʱ/ | ||
- to bleed, | - to bleed, indirect | ||
| | ||
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daraeke /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | daraeke /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | ||
tárá /taˤʁaˤ/ - to cover, | tárá /taˤʁaˤ/ - to cover, indirect | ||
| | ||
Line 592: | Line 574: | ||
| | ||
doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, intransitive, | doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, intransitive, indirect (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground") | ||
dleeju | dleeju | ||
/dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, | /dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, indirect (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground") | ||
| | ||
`tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – to drag, intransitive, | `tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – to drag, intransitive, | ||
direct | |||
`tlòoezi | `tlòoezi | ||
/ʱtɬɘʱːzi/– to drag, transitive, | /ʱtɬɘʱːzi/– to drag, transitive, direct | ||
| | ||
Line 629: | Line 611: | ||
| | ||
The transitive roots are then inflected for | The transitive roots are then inflected for indirect vs. direct e.g. | ||
| | ||
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/çinaʁi/ - to twist, intransitive, root | /çinaʁi/ - to twist, intransitive, root | ||
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, | shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, indirect | ||
yùenàorùe | yùenàorùe | ||
/jɨʱnɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, intransitive, | /jɨʱnɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, intransitive, | ||
direct | |||
| | ||
Line 648: | Line 630: | ||
hali | hali | ||
/χali/ - to twist, transitive, | /χali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect | ||
ràorùe | ràorùe | ||
/ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, | /ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, direct | ||
Line 702: | Line 684: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Perfective Antipassive | |Perfective Antipassive | ||
|ut / | |ut / óws (see below) | ||
|atl | |atl | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 719: | Line 701: | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, indirect | ||
dõsamaehlu /dɔsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle you, | dõsamaehlu /dɔsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle you, indirect | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, indirect | ||
demamaehlu /demɛɬu/ - to scam me / us (not including you), | demamaehlu /demɛɬu/ - to scam me / us (not including you), indirect | ||
Line 733: | Line 715: | ||
pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, | pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, direct | ||
pyùemyùu /pʲɨʱmpʲuːʱ/ - to purify me / us (not including you, | pyùemyùu /pʲɨʱmpʲuːʱ/ - to purify me / us (not including you, direct | ||
pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, | pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, direct | ||
Line 745: | Line 727: | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, indirect | ||
daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), | daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), indirect | ||
deramaehlu /deʁamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle oneself, | deramaehlu /deʁamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle oneself, indirect | ||
Line 759: | Line 741: | ||
pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, | pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, | ||
direct | |||
pyolùu /pʲɔluːʱ/ - to purify you, | pyolùu /pʲɔluːʱ/ - to purify you, direct | ||
pyelùu /pʲeluːʱ/ - to purify | pyelùu /pʲeluːʱ/ - to purify | ||
ourselves (including you), | ourselves (including you), direct | ||
The last example this is distinct | The last example this is distinct | ||
from pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, | from pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, | ||
direct, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix. | |||
Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g. | Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g. | ||
Line 777: | Line 759: | ||
*yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | ||
*sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | *sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | ||
*damasùe - /damas#616;ʱ/ - to scam / swindle, | *damasùe - /damasɨʱ/ - to scam / swindle, direct | ||
Line 784: | Line 766: | ||
| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla | | yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || damas#616;ʱ || sɨudɮ | | jɨɴpiloi || damasɨʱ || sɨudɮ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- employee-ERG || scam | |- employee-ERG || scam || soldier-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee scammed a soldier | An employee scammed a soldier | ||
Line 798: | Line 780: | ||
| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe | | yuenpiluy || daesamasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpilui || dɛsamas#616;ʱ | | jɨɴpilui || dɛsamasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam | | employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee scammed us (including you) | An employee scammed us (including you) | ||
Line 812: | Line 794: | ||
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy | | daesamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dɛsamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | | dɛsamasɨʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam | | <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam || employee-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee scammed us (including you) | An employee scammed us (including you) | ||
Line 833: | Line 815: | ||
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy | | duetamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dɨtamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | | dɨtamasɨʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <PFV.AP>scam | | <PFV.AP>scam || employee-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | ||
However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /&# | However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /ɨ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eˤ/ and /ɘˤ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. If a verb begins with a hard consonant followed by one of these vowels, a different infix is used, normally -óws- e.g. | ||
inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, | inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, indirect | ||
ówsinyeli-aa /ʔouˤsiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, | ówsinyeli-aa /ʔouˤsiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, indirect, perfective antipassive | ||
kiveliqewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, | kiveliqewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, indirect | ||
kówsiveli-ewn /kouˤsiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, | kówsiveli-ewn /kouˤsiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, indirect, perfective antipassive | ||
'kátla /ˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect | |||
'kówsátla /ˤkouˤsaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect, perfective antipassive | |||
éypyi-eey /ʔeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, indirect | |||
ówséypyi-eey /ʔouˤseiˤpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, indirect, perfective antipassive | |||
Line 875: | Line 854: | ||
| damamasùe || yuenpiluy | | damamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| damamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | | damamasɨʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>scam | | <IMPV.AP>scam || employee-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | ||
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* | *`wùnnào /ʱwuʱɴnɜʱ/ - to want (something) | ||
*' | *'wátùnnào /ˤwaˤtuʱɴnɜʱ/ - to want (to do something / something to happen) | ||
* | *chùun /cuːˤɴ/ - to fear (something) | ||
* | *'cháetlùun /ˤcɛˤtɬuːʱɴ/ - to fear (that something will happen) | ||
Line 911: | Line 890: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yuenpiloy || | | yuenpiloy || `wùnnào || tõn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || | | jɨɴpiloi || ʱwuʱɴnɜʱ || tɔɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || want | | employee-ERG || want || change-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee wants change. | An employee wants change. | ||
Line 922: | Line 901: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yuenpiluy || ' | | yuenpiluy || 'wátùnnào || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpilui || ˤwaˤ | | jɨɴpilui || ˤwaˤtuʱɴnɜʱ || sɔudɮa || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want | | employee-ABS || <SPR>want || soldier-ABS || scam | ||
|} | |} | ||
An employee wants to scam a soldier. | An employee wants to scam a soldier. | ||
Line 934: | Line 913: | ||
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe | |||
yuenpiloy | yuenpiloy 'wátùnnào damasùe sõwdla | ||
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla | |||
Line 945: | Line 924: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yuenpiloy || | | yuenpiloy || chùun || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || | | jɨɴpiloi || cuːˤɴ || sɔudɮa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || fear | | employee-ERG || fear || soldier-ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The employee fears the soldier | The employee fears the soldier | ||
Line 955: | Line 934: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yuenpiloy || ' | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetlùun || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛtɬ | | jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛˤtɬuːʱɴ || sɔudɮa || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ABS || scam | ||
|} | |} | ||
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier. | The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier. | ||
Line 970: | Line 949: | ||
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛtɬ | | jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛˤtɬuːʱɴ || sɔudɮaɴ || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ERG || scam | ||
|} | |} | ||
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him. | The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him. | ||
Line 985: | Line 964: | ||
wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want, | wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want, indirect | ||
wowonnye /wowoɴɲe/ - to want each other, | wowonnye /wowoɴɲe/ - to want each other, indirect | ||
darakòe /daʁakɘʱ/ - to cover, | darakòe /daʁakɘʱ/ - to cover, direct | ||
dadarakòe /dadaʁakɘʱ/ - to cover each other, | dadarakòe /dadaʁakɘʱ/ - to cover each other, direct | ||
shuetinju /çɨtiɴɟu/ - to count, | shuetinju /çɨtiɴɟu/ - to count, indirect | ||
shueshuetinju /çɨçɨtiɴɟu/ - to count each other, | shueshuetinju /çɨçɨtiɴɟu/ - to count each other, indirect | ||
Line 1,003: | Line 982: | ||
ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know (a person), | ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know (a person), indirect | ||
ziziitlàoji /ziziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know each other, | ziziitlàoji /ziziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know each other, indirect | ||
yinwùumùe /jiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn in, | yinwùumùe /jiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn in, direct | ||
yiyinwùumùe /jijiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn each other in, | yiyinwùumùe /jijiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn each other in, direct | ||
kaaeykyu /kɛːi&k#690;u/ - to sell, | kaaeykyu /kɛːi&k#690;u/ - to sell, indirect | ||
kaekaaeykyu /kɛkɛːikʲu/ - to sell each other, | kaekaaeykyu /kɛkɛːikʲu/ - to sell each other, indirect | ||
Line 1,021: | Line 1,000: | ||
'kátla /ˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, | 'kátla /ˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect | ||
'kákátla /ˤkaˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make each other's acquaintance, | 'kákátla /ˤkaˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make each other's acquaintance, indirect | ||
Line 1,029: | Line 1,008: | ||
'kamyu /ˤkamʲu/ - to inflate (someone's ego), | 'kamyu /ˤkamʲu/ - to inflate (someone's ego), indirect | ||
'kákamyu /ˤkaˤkamʲu/ - to inflate each other('s ego), | 'kákamyu /ˤkaˤkamʲu/ - to inflate each other('s ego), indirect | ||
'kaypùe /ˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape, | 'kaypùe /ˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape, direct | ||
'kákaypùe /ˤkaˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape each other, | 'kákaypùe /ˤkaˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape each other, direct | ||
Line 1,042: | Line 1,021: | ||
'puytlù /ˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight, | 'puytlù /ˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight, direct | ||
'póyputlu /ˤpoiˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight with each other, | 'póyputlu /ˤpoiˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight with each other, direct | ||
Line 1,050: | Line 1,029: | ||
hali /χali/ - to twist, transitive, | hali /χali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect | ||
haehali /χɛχali/ - to twist, transitive, | haehali /χɛχali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect | ||
Line 1,058: | Line 1,037: | ||
ràorùe /ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, | ràorùe /ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, direct | ||
haràorùe /χaʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist each other, transitive, | haràorùe /χaʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist each other, transitive, direct | ||
Line 1,071: | Line 1,050: | ||
wòenzi /wɘɴʱ/ - to befriend, | wòenzi /wɘɴʱ/ - to befriend, direct | ||
fiwòenzi /fiwɘɴʱ/ - to befriend each other, | fiwòenzi /fiwɘɴʱ/ - to befriend each other, direct | ||
Line 1,094: | Line 1,073: | ||
| 2PS || nyin || ya || yu | | 2PS || nyin || ya || yu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PS || | | 3PS || zay || ze || zaw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Who / What || wu || hew || ri | | Who / What || wu || hew || ri | ||
Line 1,108: | Line 1,087: | ||
chisàon-gùe /cisɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you bleed, | chisàon-gùe /cisɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you bleed, indirect | ||
chiisàon-gùe /ciːsɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you (emphatic) bleed, | chiisàon-gùe /ciːsɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you (emphatic) bleed, indirect | ||
This lengthening can also be used on infixes marking objects e.g. | |||
pyõhli-uu /pʲɔɬiʔuː/ - purify you, indirect | |||
pyõohli-uu /pʲɔːɬiʔuː/ - purify you (emphatic), indirect | |||
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[[Category:Antarctican]] |