|
|
| (645 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
| |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
| |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
| |
|
| |
|
| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| Line 8: |
Line 5: |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}} | | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| |nativename = ''jeosgat Anbirjeong'' | | |nativename = Anbir² snalltjeongen¹ |
| |pronunciation= | | |pronunciation= |
| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | | |setting=[[Verse:Hmøøh]] |
| |region = Talma | | |region = |
| |familycolor=quihum
| | |fam1=Anbiric |
| |fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]] | | |familycolor=tsn |
| |fam2= Talmic | |
| |fam3= Tigolic
| |
| |script=Talmic alphabet
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA | | |notice=IPA |
| }} | | }} |
|
| |
|
| '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Anbirjeong'' /anbirjəŋ/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Korean (particularly Sino-Korean), Swedish, and Irish. Compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Jiazuorian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
| | Anglo-Swedo-Icelando-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
|
| |
|
| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | þik1 ’to exist; (with subject) to have’ |
| ==External history==
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Snachian]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Skellan's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Todo==
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
| <!--BLACKLIST: regVr, rigVr-->
| |
|
| |
|
| *Numbers: kjeong, tjeoteor, nask, deuiv, solj, stang, rvad, lad, baerb, ngjor, jaking, knae
| | hjeonn1 'to bid/try', hjeoll2 'sea' |
| *scaimh 'mountain' > skaeng
| |
| *obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
| |
| *Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
| |
| *Swadesh list
| |
| *Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
| |
| <poem>
| |
| plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
| |
| le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| |
| but Maith Sivy always used it
| |
| that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| |
| another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
| |
| which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
| |
| ca-ephyth = of that
| |
| ca-leth = that (acc.)
| |
| ca-dzeth = in that; there
| |
| ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
| |
| in that house = ca-dzen souar
| |
| or "dze cin souar"
| |
| both are valid
| |
| the first being more archaic
| |
| </poem>
| |
| a verbalizer like ''-ować''
| |
|
| |
|
| *Verb prefixes:
| | Am2 hjeonn1 snall1 Anbirjeong2 'I am tryign to speak Anbirese-ly' |
| **''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
| |
| **''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
| |
| **''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
| |
| **''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
| |
| **''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
| |
| **''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
| |
| **''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
| |
| **''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
| |
| **''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
| |
| **''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
| |
| **''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
| |
| **''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
| |
| **''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
| |
| **''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''
| |
|
| |
|
| Vowel reflexes:
| | Hjeondae iltaren 'Hyundai cars' |
| *a e i o u > y jy ji u u
| |
| *ai ei oi ui > e ji e i
| |
| *á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
| |
| *ái éi ói úi éu > ai ji oi oui jaou
| |
| *eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi jou joui
| |
| *ae ao aoi > e aou eui
| |
| *ia ua uai > jeo veo vae
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology==
| | Andaegol |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| ====Radical consonants====
| |
| *g k ng /g kʰ ŋ/
| |
| *gj kj ngj /dʑ tɕ ɲ/
| |
| *d t n /d tʰ n/
| |
| *dj tj nj /dʐ tʂʰ ɲ/
| |
| *z c /dz tsʰ/
| |
| *b p m /b pʰ m/
| |
| *f v s sj h /f v~w s ɧ h/
| |
| *r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/
| |
|
| |
|
| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
|
| |
|
| sj = sje, etc.
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
|
| |
|
| ====Lenited consonants====
| | brjedjeong |
| *gh kh /ɣ x/
| |
| *ghj khj /j ɕ/
| |
| *dh th /ɣ ħ/
| |
| *dhj thj /ɹ ɧ/
| |
| *zh ch /z s/
| |
| *bh ph /v f/
| |
| *sh shj /z ɹ/
| |
| ====Eclipsed consonants====
| |
| *n-g gk ng /ŋ g/
| |
| *n-gj gkj /ɲ d͡ʑ/
| |
| *nd dt /n d/
| |
| *ndj dtj /ɲ dʐ/
| |
| *zc /dz/
| |
| *mb bp m /m b/
| |
| *bhf ns nsj /v z ɹ/
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Vowels===
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
| i eu u e/ae eo a o /i ɨ u e ə a o/
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Stress===
| | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
| Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Pitch accent===
| | Final stops have a distinction between nasally released vs. unreleased (-mm -nn -nng vs. -p -t -k) |
| Pitch accent is phonemic in Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.
| |
|
| |
|
| For example:
| | stje /ɕé/ 'money' |
| *''skaen'' /skěn/ (rising or peaking tone, starts low) = 'a friend (sg)'; ''n skaen'' /n skěn/ = 'the friend'
| | skjö /skjœ̂/ 'rope' |
| *''skáen'' /skén/ (high tone, falling off at the end) = 'friends (pl)'; ''eo skáen'' /ə skén/ = 'the friends'
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Dialectology==
| | 'll need some Swedish/English-y forms like e.g. tjeolla (my), tjeolls (3sg's), tjeollen (sg. construct), tjeollar (thy), tjeollths (3pl's) |
| ===Dueum beopchik===
| |
| Reflecting the partially koineized origin of the language, Anbirese orthography is mostly based on dialects without ''dueum beopchik'' ('initial law', the Korean term for deletion of initial /r/, and/or initial /n/ before /i/ or /j/), a sound change due to [[Swutsim]] influence.
| |
|
| |
|
| Dueum beopchik varies by dialect or accent: Cualuavian Anbirese has dueum beopchik for both initial ''r'' and initial ''nj'', whereas Talman Anbirese only tends to have it for initial ''r''. Some words have dueum beopchik even in dialects that do not normally have it, like ''i'' 'not' (from [[Tigol]] ''ní'').
| | Maybe tjeolli or tjeollu for pl construct |
|
| |
|
| In order to block dueum beopchik, loans from [[Tergetian]], [[Windermere]] and other languages that begin with ''r-'' tend to be modified to begin with ''eor-''. For example, Windermere ''prith'' becomes ''peorid'' 'autumn'.
| | Possessive suffixes should be easy to get, fortunately |
|
| |
|
| ==Orthography==
| | Though they might induce final changes like tjeoll becoming tjeol |
| Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Vocabulary==
| | stjanng /ɕâk̚ŋ̊/ 'color', sjeong-stjangen /ɧʌ̂ŋɕáŋèn/ 'sky blue' |
| Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swutsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Häskä]] and [[Windermere]] loans.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Morphology== | | == Proto-Anbiric == |
| ===Mutations===
| | Have vowel length |
| Like Jiazuorian, Anbirese has spirant and nasal mutation.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Nouns===
| | -ŭs suffix (''-ur'' in [[Twetho]]; final fortition in Anbirese) |
| ====Definite article====
| |
| The definite article is
| |
| *''eo'' before nasals and resonants: ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
| |
| *''n'' before other consonants and before vowels: ''eon keoteor'' [ə̀n kə̀tə̂ɾ] 'the flower'; ''eon aveot'' [ə̀n àvə̂t] 'the book'
| |
|
| |
|
| TODO: definite article mutations by gender
| | ==Phonology== |
| | | ===Initials=== |
| ====Plural nouns==== | | Simple initials: |
| A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change:
| | *'''k g''' /k{{h}} k/ |
| | | *'''tj/þj dj nj''' /tɕ{{h}} tɕ ɲ/ |
| *''mar'' /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
| | *'''t d þ n''' /t{{h}} t θ n/ |
| *''már'' /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees
| | *'''p b f v m''' /p{{h}} p f v~w m/ |
| | | *'''s sj stj h''' /s ɧ ɕ h/ |
| However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:
| | *'''r l j''' /ɾ l j/ |
| *''íms'' /íms/ [îms] = a loved one | |
| *''ímseod'' /ímsət/ [ímsə̀t] = loved ones
| |
| <!--
| |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
| |
| *plural absolute: ''-r''
| |
| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
| |
| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
| |
| | |
| e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
| |
| | |
| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
| |
| | |
| Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
| |
| | |
| Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
| |
| | |
| ''i marna'' = my tree
| |
| | |
| ''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
| |
| -->
| |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Adjectives do not inflect at all.
| |
| | |
| Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. However, the perfective is sometimes marked with ablaut. Most {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective. | |
| | |
| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
| |
| | |
| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''simŋi'' | |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋci''
| |
| | |
| Past tense: usually ''-n'' (can be syllabic) (but sometimes ablaut?)
| |
| | |
| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋin'', perfective ''smŋin''
| |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecain'', perfective ''ŋcin''
| |
| | |
| ===Copula===
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''ngu'', ''si'', ''jeo'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas. | |
| | |
| The past tense copula is ''latheon'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, mekh, tid, skid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
| |
| | |
| There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *le = accusative (le + i > len) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
| |
| **''le-na, (le-s,) l-ou, l-i, l-eth, l-em, lef, lec, lur'' | |
| *dze = in, at (dze + i > dzen)
| |
| **''dze-na, (dze-s,) dz-ou, dz-i, dz-eth, dze-m, dzef, dzec, dzur''
| |
| *e = to, for
| |
| **''ena, (ephys), ephou, ephi, epheth, ephym, efe, ephyc, ephur''
| |
| | |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs. | |
| ===Negation===
| |
| The negation particle is ''da'' (preposed) for imperatives and ''tzin'' (preposed; from Tigol *ter ní- 'not once') otherwise.
| |
| | |
| ===Questions===
| |
| Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle ''sm'' (< Tigol ''is'' question particle + ''imb'' complementizer) before the sentence.
| |
| | |
| ===Wishes/Jussive===
| |
| Wishes can be formed by using ''toumid'' (< Tigol ''tuabh mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Word order===
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Accusative with infinitive===
| | /t d tʰ s n/ are dental(ized). |
| The accusative particle ''le'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''e'' 'to'.
| |
|
| |
|
| :'''''Na docn le mrothr e slav eph Intar.''''' | | Initial clusters: '''(s)kj gj (s)pj bj fj (s)mj rj (s)lj snj hj (s)kr gr kl gl kn hn hnj hl hlj hr hrj fr fl br bl (s)tr dr krj grj klj glj frj flj brj blj (s)trj drj knj''' |
| :1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.
| |
| :''I think Intar likes apples.''
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Preposition + verb clauses=== | | ===Nuclei=== |
| A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''ni ti thi ki di gi'' are read as ''nji tji thji kji dji gji''. |
|
| |
|
| An example with ''dze'' 'at':
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| :'''''dze argiarna ar i loichou'''''
| | |- |
| :at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| :''when I was keeping watch on his belongings''
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
| | | |
| | |} |
| | === Finals === |
| | '''p d k s l r m n ng mm nn nng ll rr þ''' /p(unreleased) ð{{lowered}} k(unreleased) s l r m n ŋ pm(voiceless) tn(voiceless) kŋ(voiceless) ɬ r(voiceless) θ/ + some Germanicy clusters like -nd, -ld, -llt, ... |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Tricin]]
| | === Tone === |
| | Like Swedish, Anbirese has two tones/pitch accents. In monosyllables, tone 2 is realized as glottalization; in polysyllabic words, the two tones are realized as Swedish tones 1 and 2. |