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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
| | Anglo-Swedo-Icelando-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
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| {{Infobox language
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
| |image =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = ''Jeosgat Anbirjeom''
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| |pronunciation=
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| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
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| |region = Talma
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| |familycolor=quihum
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| |fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
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| |fam2= Talmic
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| |fam3= Tigolic
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| |script=Talmic alphabet
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| |iso3=
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Anbirjeom'' /ànbirjəm/ [ànbírjəm]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Korean (particularly Sino-Korean), Swedish, and Irish. Compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Qenian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smauk'' /i smauk/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
| | Flijeon River |
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| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | Andaegol |
| ==External history==
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Snachian]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Skellan's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
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| ==Todo==
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
| *flower: ''kadir''
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| *ot, od > vat, vad
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| *Numbers: kjeom, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
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| *scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
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| *obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
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| *Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
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| *Swadesh list
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| *Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
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| <poem>
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| plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
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| le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
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| but Maith Sivy always used it
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| that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
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| another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
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| which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
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| ca-ephyth = of that
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| ca-leth = that (acc.)
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| ca-dzeth = in that; there
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| ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
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| in that house = ca-dzen souar
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| or "dze cin souar"
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| both are valid
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| the first being more archaic
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| </poem>
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| a verbalizer like ''-ować''
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| *Verb prefixes:
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
| **''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
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| **''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
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| **''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
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| **''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
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| **''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
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| **''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
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| **''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
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| **''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
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| **''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
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| **''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
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| **''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
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| **''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
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| **''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
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| **''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''
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| Vowel reflexes:
| | brjedjeong |
| *a e i o u > y jy ji u u
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| *ai ei oi ui > e ji e i
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
| *á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
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| *ái éi ói úi éu > ai ji oi oui jaou
| | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
| *eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi jou joui
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| *ae ao aoi > e eu eui
| | Final stops have a distinction between nasally released vs. unreleased (-mm -nn -nng vs. -p -t -k) |
| *ia ua uai > jeo veo vae
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| ====Radical consonants====
| | *'''k g ng''' /k{{h}} k ŋ/ |
| *k χ ng /k x ŋ/ | | *'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ{{h}} tɕ ɕ ɲ/ |
| *kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/ | | *'''t d th n''' /t{{h}} t θ n/ |
| *t þ n /t θ n/ | | *'''p b f v m''' /p{{h}} p f v~w m/ |
| *tj þj nj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/ | | *'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/ |
| *c /ts/
| | *'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/ |
| *p f m /f m/
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| *s sj h /s ɧ h/ | |
| *r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/ | |
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| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
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| sj = sje, etc.
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
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| ====Lenited consonants====
| | /t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized). |
| *g γ /g ɣ/
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| *gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
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| *d z /d z/
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| *dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
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| *b v /b v/
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| *bj vj /bj vj/
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| ====Eclipsed consonants====
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| *ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
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| *nj njh /ɲ ɲʰ/
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| *n nh /n nʰ/
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| *m mh /m mʰ/
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| i eu u e eo a o æ œ /i ɨ ü e ə~ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''ni ti thi ki di gi'' are read as ''nji tji thji kji dji gji''. |
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| ===Stress=== | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
| | |- |
| | | ! rowspan="2" | |
| ===Pitch accent===
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:
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| #Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| #High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | | |- |
| For example:
| | ! style="" |Close |
| *''skaen'' /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; ''n skaen'' /ən skěn/ = 'the friend'
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| *''skáen'' /skén/ (high tone) = 'friends (pl)'; ''n skáen'' /ən skén/ = 'the friends'
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| *''ael'' (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| *''áel'' (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.
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| ===Intonation=== | |
| *General fall: declarative clauses
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| *General rise: dependent clauses
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| *Interrogative: interrogative clauses
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| ==Dialectology== | |
| ==Orthography==
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| Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseezh]] and [[Windermere]] loans.
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Mutations===
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| Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.
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| ===Nouns===
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| ====Definite article====
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| Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is
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| *''eo'' before nasals and resonants: ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
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| *''n'' before other consonants and before vowels: ''n keotir'' [ə̀n kə̀tɕîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n aveot'' [nàvə̂t] 'the book'
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| TODO: definite article mutations by gender
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Definite article'''
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| ! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural
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| |- | | |- |
| ! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. | | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! nom. | | ! style="" |Open |
| | eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis | | | |
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| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
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| |} | | |} |
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| ====Plural nouns====
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| A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.
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| *''mar'' /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
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| *''már'' /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees
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| However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:
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| *''íms'' /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
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| *''imseot'' /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ''ímseot'')
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| <!--
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| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
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| *plural absolute: ''-r''
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| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
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| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
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| e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
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| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
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| Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
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| Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
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| ''i marna'' = my tree
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| ''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
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| -->
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives do not inflect at all.
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| Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
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| TODO: degree words
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Qenian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
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| ====Split-ergativity====
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| Anbirese has split-ergativity: past forms display ergative alignment, and non-past forms have accusative alignment.
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| ===Copula===
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''ngu'', ''si'', ''jeo'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas.
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| The past tense copula is ''latheon'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.
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| ===Pronouns===
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| na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, mekh, tid, skid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
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| There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *ljeo = accusative (ljeo + n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
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| **''ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eot, lj-eom, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
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| *djeo = in, at (dze + i > dzen)
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| **''djeo-na, (deo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eot, dj-eom, djeof, djeok, djur''
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| *e = to, for
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| **''ena, (ephys), ephou, ephi, epheth, ephym, efe, ephyc, ephur''
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| ==Syntax==
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs.
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| ===Negation===
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| The negation particle is ''ta'' (preposed) for imperatives and ''θri'' (preposed; from Tigol *ter ia- 'not once') otherwise.
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| ===Questions===
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| Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle ''sm'' (< Tigol ''is'' question particle + ''imb'' complementizer) before the sentence.
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| ===Wishes/Jussive===
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| Wishes can be formed by using ''tumiz'' (< Tigol ''tuabh mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.
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| ===Word order===
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.
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| ===Accusative with infinitive===
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| The accusative particle ''le'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''e'' 'to'.
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| :'''''Na togn ljeo mrôd e slam aeb Inθár.'''''
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| :1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.
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| :''I think Intar likes apples.''
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| ===Preposition + verb clauses===
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| A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.
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| An example with ''tjeo'' 'at':
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| :'''''tjeo h-argjeorn na ar i lóegu'm'''''
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| :at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG 1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M 3SG.M
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| :''when I was keeping watch on his things''
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
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