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| [[Proto-Talsmic/Themsaran|Themsármai: '''Gávthir tálsmymir''']]
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| The '''Talsmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the Zachydic language family; with [[Raxic]] they form the [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]] subfamily. They are descended from '''Proto-Talsmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
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| ==Characteristics==
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| The historical Talsmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
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| *lack of inflectional case
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| *rigidly head-initial word order
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| **verb-initial clauses
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| *heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
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| **some languages use bare possessum forms.
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| *[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
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| *grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
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| *word order changes for topicalization and focusing
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| *prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
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|
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| Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
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| *Loss of final vowels/case endings.
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| *Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ V_V, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
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| *Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into aspirated stops, which often fricativize in daughter languages.
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| *Assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talsmic.
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| *Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
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|
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| ==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
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| The following is the Proto-Talsmic sound system as reconstructed by Talsmicist Dàžiir pyr Chlìesa.
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|
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| ===Consonant inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="9"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Uvular
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | *m
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| | *n
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *p
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| | *t
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| | *c
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| | *k
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| | *q
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| | *d
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| | *ɟ
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| | *g
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | *pʰ
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| | *tʰ
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| | *cʰ
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| | *kʰ
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| | *qʰ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *s
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| | *ç
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *z
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| | *ƶ
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| | *ʁ
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | *w
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| | *j
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | *r
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
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| | *l
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| |}
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| /qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].
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|
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| ===Vocalic inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i *ī
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| | *u *ū
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *e *ē
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| | *o *ō
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *a *ā
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| |}
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| The maximal syllable structure was CCGVCC, where G was a glide.
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| CC- could be comprised of:
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| *[not glide][liquid/glide]
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| *[voiceless obstruent][voiceless obstruent]
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| *[voiced obstruent][voiced obstruent]
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|
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| -CC could maximally be sonorant + obstruent or obstruent + obstruent. -CC was only permitted word-finally.
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|
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| ==Proto-Talsmic grammar==
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| ===Nominal morphology===
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| Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talsmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
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|
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| [Genitive is partitive > indefinite?]
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
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| |+'''Declension'''
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| !scope="col"|
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*çúma=ʔ'' 'air'
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*méisar'' 'segment'
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Gender →
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|Masculine
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|Feminine
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Case ↓
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Nominative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúma''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōr''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisar''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoir''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisāne''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Accusative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmeç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūt''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisaç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoiç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisina''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Genitive/Prepositional
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmu''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmār''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmakʰe''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méiset''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisair''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méis(in)ir''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Allative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|?
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|?
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Instrumental/Locative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmīl''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisai''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |}
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|
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| The essive case (''*-ēr'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
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|
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| Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
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|
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| ===Pronominal morphology===
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| Proto-Talsmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
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| ====Full personal pronouns====
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|
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| ====Possessive suffixes====
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|
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| ===Verbal morphology===
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| ====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
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|
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| ===Other verbal affixes===
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| Other reconstructible affixes include:
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| *the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
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| *''-va-'', passive suffix.
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|
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| ==Syntax==
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| Basic word order was most likely SVO.
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| ==Sound changes to Proto-Talsmic==
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| *<nowiki>*</nowiki>wj
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| **> *j / #_
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| **> *w / otherwise
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| */ř/ > */r/ _V, */l/ otherwise
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| */*ɢ/ > /*ʁ/
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| *C[+ejective]
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| **> C[+aspirated] (the pathway may have been /*kʼ/ > /*kˀ/ > /*k<sup>ʡ</sup>/ > /*kᴴ/ > /*kʰ/)
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| **> C[-aspirated] / _C
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| **> /*ʔ/ / _#
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| *C[-ejective]
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| **> C[-aspirated]
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| **> C[+aspirated] / _C
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| */*z/ > /*r/ / V_V, V_#
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| */*c *ʒ *cʰ/ > /*s *z *s/, /*cc *ʒʒ *ccʰ/ > /*ts *dz *ts/
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| */*nr/ > /*mr/
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|
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| ==Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic==
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
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| |-
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| |+ '''Talsmic consonant correspondences'''
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| ! PTal||[[Themsaran|HThm]]||[[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd/Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
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| |-
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| | '''*m''' || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
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| |-
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| | '''*p''' || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| || || /p/
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| |-
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| | '''*b''' || ''b'' || /b/ || || || /b/
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| |-
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| | '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ || || || /p/
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| |-
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| | '''*n''' || ''n'' || /n/ || || || /n/
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| |-
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| | '''*t''' || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ || || || /t/
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| |-
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| | '''*d''' || ''d'' || /j/ || || || /d/
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| |-
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| | '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/ || /t/
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| |-
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| | '''*s''' || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ || || || /s/
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| |-
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| | '''*z''' || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ || || || /z/
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| |-
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| | '''*ç''' || ''th'', ''f'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /h/
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| |-
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| | '''*ƶ''' || ''ð'', ''f'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || /j/
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| |-
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| | '''*c''' || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/ || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/ || /ts/
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| |-
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| | '''*ɟ''' || ''ł'' || /j/ || /j/, /ɧ/ || /dʒ/ || /dz/
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| |-
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| | '''*k''' || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/ || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
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| |-
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| | '''*g''' || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
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| |-
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| | '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
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| |-
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| | '''*q''' || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /q/
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| |-
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| | '''*ʁ''' || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ʁ/
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| |-
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| | '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /χ/
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| |-
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| | '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ || || || /l/
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| |-
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| | '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ || || || /r/
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| |-
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| | '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ || || || /b/, /w/
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| |-
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| | '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ || || || /j/
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| |-
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| | '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ || || || /h/
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| |-
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| | '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø || || || Ø
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| |}
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| <!--
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| ===to Snaħħian===
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
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|
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| /ts dz/ > /st zd/
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|
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| /ʁ/ > /ʁ/
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|
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| /h/ > /ʔ/
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|
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| /ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
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|
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| /k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
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|
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| /b d g/
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| *> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
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| *> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
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|
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| /p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
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|
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| /pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/
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|
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| [ð ɣ]
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| *> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
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| *> [ɦ] / _V[-front]
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|
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| [β]
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| *> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
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| *> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#
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|
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
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|
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| /l/ > /w/ / _C
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| -->
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| ===to Tizian===
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| */w/ > /v/
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| */ʁ/
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| **> /w/ _C[-velar],
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| **> /ʕ/ otherwise
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| */n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
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| */l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
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| */z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
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| */sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
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| *Stress accent develops from initial stress.
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| */aː/ > /o/
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| */eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
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| */iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
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| */ai ei/ > /ei i/
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| */ç ʝ/
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| **> /ʃ ʒ/
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| */p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
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| **_V[+high tone]
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| **_C[+fricative]#
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|
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| [[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Language families|T]][[Category:Talsmic languages]]
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