Hondish: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Hondish | |name = Hondish | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Onnezearag | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = onəzeə̯rak | ||
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]] | |creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]] | ||
Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hondish''' ('' | '''Hondish''' (''Onnezearag'') is a [[w:Celtic_languages|Celtic language]] spoken on the island of [[w:Doggerland|Hondey]] in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the [[w:Insular_Celtic_languages|Insular Celtic]] language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic languages]], most notably [[w:Old_Norse|Old Norse]] and its descendants, [[w:North_Germanic_languages|North Germanic languages]] as well as [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic languages]], namely [[w:Dutch_language|Dutch]] and to a lesser degree [[w:English_language|English]]. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
| [n] ⟨n⟩ | | [n] ⟨n⟩ | ||
| style="border-style: solid solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="border-style: solid solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ || [ŋ] | | [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ || [ŋ] ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"| | | rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
| [b] ⟨b⟩ | | [b] ⟨b⟩ | ||
| [d] ⟨d⟩ | | [d] ⟨d⟩ | ||
| [g] | | [g] ⟨g⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | '''Fricative''' | ! rowspan=2 | '''Fricative''' | ||
Line 78: | Line 78: | ||
| rowspan=4 style="border-style: none none solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan=4 style="border-style: none none solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| [x] ⟨ch⟩ | | [x] ⟨ch⟩ | ||
| [h] | | [h] ⟨h⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '''{{small|voiceless}}''' | ! '''{{small|voiceless}}''' | ||
Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
| [z] ⟨z⟩ | | [z] ⟨z⟩ | ||
| [ʒ] ⟨zc⟩ | | [ʒ] ⟨zc⟩ | ||
| | | ([ɣ] ⟨g⟩) | ||
| style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | '''Affricate''' | ! rowspan=2 | '''Affricate''' | ||
! '''{{small|voiced}}''' | ! '''{{small|voiced}}''' | ||
| rowspan=6 colspan=2 style="border-style: | | rowspan=6 colspan=2 style="border-style: none none solid none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| [ts] ⟨ts⟩ | | [ts] ⟨ts⟩ | ||
| [tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩ | | [tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩ | ||
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! '''{{small|voiceless}}''' | ! '''{{small|voiceless}}''' | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
=== | Hondish vowels can be divided into those under primary stress, secondary stress and those that are unstressed. In Hondish linguistics, those are conventionally markes as ''P'', ''S'' and ''u'' respectively. Hondish stress is almost universally on the first syllable of the word, secondary stress is distributed according to following rules: | ||
==== | |||
==== | # final syllables usually carry secondary stress | ||
# every odd syllable (ie. 3rd, 5th, etc.) can carry secondary stress | |||
# every stressed syllable (primary or secondary) must be separated by an unstressed syllable, except for disyllabic words | |||
These rules give the following possible syllable patterns:<br> | |||
''P''<br> | |||
''PS'' <br> | |||
''PuS'' <br> | |||
''PuuS'' <br> | |||
''PuSuS'' <br> | |||
''PuSuuS'' <br> | |||
etc. | |||
====Primarily stressed vowels==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;width:40em" | |||
|+ Monophthongs | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | | |||
! colspan=4 | '''Front''' | |||
! colspan=2 | '''Central''' | |||
! colspan=4 | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | '''{{small|unrounded}}''' | |||
| colspan=2 | '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
| colspan=2 | '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
| colspan=2 | '''{{small|unrounded}}''' | |||
| colspan=2 | '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''{{small|short}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|long}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|short}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|long}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|short}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|long}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|short}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|long}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|short}}''' | |||
| '''{{small|long}}''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | '''High''' | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ | |||
| [ei̯] ⟨ÿ⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ʏ] ⟨y⟩ | |||
| [øy̯] ⟨ye⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ | |||
| [æʉ̯] ⟨au⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ | |||
| [ɯi̯] ⟨ei⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ʊ] ⟨o⟩ | |||
| ([uː] ⟨ôe⟩) | |||
|- | |||
| [iː] ⟨ie⟩ | |||
| [yː] ⟨ŷe⟩ | |||
| [ʉː] ⟨ue⟩ | |||
| [ɯː] ⟨êu⟩ | |||
| [ou̯] ⟨ou⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | '''Mid''' | |||
| rowspan=2 | [e] ⟨e⟩ | |||
| [i̯e] ⟨ee⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [ø] ⟨ø⟩ | |||
| [y̯ø] ⟨øe⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| rowspan=2 | [o] ⟨o⟩ | |||
| [u̯o] ⟨oe⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| ([eː] ⟨êe⟩) | |||
| ([øː] ⟨ø̂e⟩) | |||
| ([oː] ⟨ôe⟩) | |||
|- | |||
! '''Low''' | |||
| [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ | |||
| [æː] ⟨ae, æ⟩ | |||
| colspan=6 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| [a] ⟨a⟩ | |||
| [aː] ⟨ae⟩ | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:40em" | |||
|+ Diphthongs | |||
|- | |||
! | | |||
! ə | |||
! i | |||
! u | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ | |||
| [au̯] ⟨au⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| [eə̯] ⟨ea⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| [eu̯] ⟨eü⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! o | |||
| [oə̯] ⟨oa⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|} | |||
====Secondarily stressed vowels==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;width:40em" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | '''Front''' | |||
! '''Central''' | |||
! colspan=2 | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''{{small|unrounded}}''' | |||
! '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
! '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
! '''{{small|unrounded}}''' | |||
! '''{{small|rounded}}''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''High''' | |||
| [i] ⟨i⟩ | |||
| [y] ⟨y⟩ | |||
| [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ | |||
| [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ | |||
| [u] ⟨o⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! '''Mid''' | |||
| [e] ⟨e⟩ | |||
| [ø] ⟨ø⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ([o] ⟨o⟩) | |||
|- | |||
! '''Low''' | |||
| [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| [a] ⟨a⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! '''Dipththongs''' | |||
| [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ | |||
| [au̯] ⟨au⟩ | |||
|} | |||
====Unstressed vowels==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:20em" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! '''Unrounded''' | |||
! '''Rounded''' | |||
|- | |||
! '''High''' | |||
| [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ | |||
| [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! '''Mid''' | |||
| [ə] ⟨e⟩ | |||
| [ɵ] ⟨o⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! '''Low''' | |||
| colspan=2 | [ɐ] ⟨a⟩ | |||
|} | |||
===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]=== | |||
Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Native initials | |||
|- | |||
! '''Radical''' | |||
! '''Lenition''' | |||
! '''Nasalisation''' | |||
! '''Aspiration''' | |||
|- | |||
| p || b || m || f | |||
|- | |||
| b || v || m || v | |||
|- | |||
| t || d || n || θ | |||
|- | |||
| ts || z || ɲ || θj | |||
|- | |||
| d || ð || n || ð | |||
|- | |||
| z || ðj || ɲ || ðj | |||
|- | |||
| k || g || ŋ || x | |||
|- | |||
| tʃ || ʒ || ŋj || xj | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | h | |||
| w || ŋ || w (ɣ) | |||
|- | |||
| ∅ || n | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| ʒ || j || ŋj || j (ɣj) | |||
|- | |||
| ð || j || n || dj | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| gw | |||
|- | |||
| ɥ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| gɥ | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hl | |||
|- | |||
| ʎ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hʎ | |||
|- | |||
| ɹ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hɹ | |||
|- | |||
| f || v || v | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| hj || j || ɲ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| x || w || ŋ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| ʃ || j || ŋj | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| θ || ð | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| m || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| n || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| ɲ || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| V | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| n-V ||h-V | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Loan word initials | |||
|- | |||
! '''Radical''' | |||
! '''Lenition''' | |||
! '''Nasalisation''' | |||
! '''Aspiration''' | |||
|- | |||
| j | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ɲ || dj | |||
|- | |||
| s || z | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| z || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
| v || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> |
Latest revision as of 22:49, 24 July 2023
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
Hondish | |
---|---|
Onnezearag | |
Pronunciation | [onəzeə̯rak] |
Created by | User:Uspesny mekkys |
Date | 2022 |
Official status | |
Official language in | Hondey |
Hondish (Onnezearag) is a Celtic language spoken on the island of Hondey in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the Insular Celtic language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the Germanic languages, most notably Old Norse and its descendants, North Germanic languages as well as West Germanic languages, namely Dutch and to a lesser degree English. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | [m] ⟨m⟩ | [n] ⟨n⟩ | [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ | [ŋ] ⟨ng⟩ | |||||
Plosive | voiced | [p] ⟨p⟩ | [t] ⟨t⟩ | [k] ⟨k⟩ | |||||
voiceless | [b] ⟨b⟩ | [d] ⟨d⟩ | [g] ⟨g⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | voiced | [f] ⟨f⟩ | [θ] ⟨th⟩ | [s] ⟨s⟩ | [ʃ] ⟨sc⟩ | [x] ⟨ch⟩ | [h] ⟨h⟩ | ||
voiceless | [v] ⟨v⟩ | [ð] ⟨dh⟩ | [z] ⟨z⟩ | [ʒ] ⟨zc⟩ | ([ɣ] ⟨g⟩) | ||||
Affricate | voiced | [ts] ⟨ts⟩ | [tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩ | ||||||
voiceless | ([dz] ⟨ds⟩) | ([dʒ] ⟨dsc⟩) | |||||||
Approximant | plain | [ɹ] ⟨r⟩ | [j] ⟨j⟩ | ||||||
labialised | [ɥ] ⟨w̦⟩ | [w] ⟨w⟩ | |||||||
Lateral approximant | [l] ⟨l⟩ | [ʎ] ⟨ļ⟩ |
Vowels
Hondish vowels can be divided into those under primary stress, secondary stress and those that are unstressed. In Hondish linguistics, those are conventionally markes as P, S and u respectively. Hondish stress is almost universally on the first syllable of the word, secondary stress is distributed according to following rules:
- final syllables usually carry secondary stress
- every odd syllable (ie. 3rd, 5th, etc.) can carry secondary stress
- every stressed syllable (primary or secondary) must be separated by an unstressed syllable, except for disyllabic words
These rules give the following possible syllable patterns:
P
PS
PuS
PuuS
PuSuS
PuSuuS
etc.
Primarily stressed vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ | [ei̯] ⟨ÿ⟩ | [ʏ] ⟨y⟩ | [øy̯] ⟨ye⟩ | [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ | [æʉ̯] ⟨au⟩ | [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ | [ɯi̯] ⟨ei⟩ | [ʊ] ⟨o⟩ | ([uː] ⟨ôe⟩) |
[iː] ⟨ie⟩ | [yː] ⟨ŷe⟩ | [ʉː] ⟨ue⟩ | [ɯː] ⟨êu⟩ | [ou̯] ⟨ou⟩ | ||||||
Mid | [e] ⟨e⟩ | [i̯e] ⟨ee⟩ | [ø] ⟨ø⟩ | [y̯ø] ⟨øe⟩ | [o] ⟨o⟩ | [u̯o] ⟨oe⟩ | ||||
([eː] ⟨êe⟩) | ([øː] ⟨ø̂e⟩) | ([oː] ⟨ôe⟩) | ||||||||
Low | [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ | [æː] ⟨ae, æ⟩ | [a] ⟨a⟩ | [aː] ⟨ae⟩ |
ə | i | u | |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ | [au̯] ⟨au⟩ | |
e | [eə̯] ⟨ea⟩ | [eu̯] ⟨eü⟩ | |
o | [oə̯] ⟨oa⟩ |
Secondarily stressed vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
High | [i] ⟨i⟩ | [y] ⟨y⟩ | [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ | [ɯ] ⟨eu⟩ | [u] ⟨o⟩ |
Mid | [e] ⟨e⟩ | [ø] ⟨ø⟩ | ([o] ⟨o⟩) | ||
Low | [æ] ⟨a, æ⟩ | [a] ⟨a⟩ | |||
Dipththongs | [ai̯] ⟨ai⟩ | [au̯] ⟨au⟩ |
Unstressed vowels
Unrounded | Rounded | |
---|---|---|
High | [ɪ] ⟨i⟩ | [ʉ] ⟨u⟩ |
Mid | [ə] ⟨e⟩ | [ɵ] ⟨o⟩ |
Low | [ɐ] ⟨a⟩ |
Consonant mutations
Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.
Radical | Lenition | Nasalisation | Aspiration |
---|---|---|---|
p | b | m | f |
b | v | m | v |
t | d | n | θ |
ts | z | ɲ | θj |
d | ð | n | ð |
z | ðj | ɲ | ðj |
k | g | ŋ | x |
tʃ | ʒ | ŋj | xj |
h | w | ŋ | w (ɣ) |
∅ | n | ||
ʒ | j | ŋj | j (ɣj) |
ð | j | n | dj |
w | gw | ||
ɥ | gɥ | ||
l | hl | ||
ʎ | hʎ | ||
ɹ | hɹ | ||
f | v | v | |
hj | j | ɲ | |
x | w | ŋ | |
ʃ | j | ŋj | |
θ | ð | ||
m | |||
n | |||
ɲ | |||
V | n-V | h-V |
Radical | Lenition | Nasalisation | Aspiration |
---|---|---|---|
j | ɲ | dj | |
s | z | ||
z | |||
v |