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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a descendent of [[Primitive ǃZoom]], inspired by Old Irish.
| | #redirect [[Nurian/Old]] |
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| <!--
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
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| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| ==Introduction==
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| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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| <!-- Example categories/headings:
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| Goals
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| Setting
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| Inspiration
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| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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| Vowel inventory
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| Consonant inventory
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| Syllable structure
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| Stress
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| Intonation
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| -->
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| ==Phonology==
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| <poem>
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| Old !Zoom has a large phoneme inventory:
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| Vowels:
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| a ɛ e i o u y a: e: eɪ i: o: oʊ u: ø: øʏ y: '''a ä e i o u ü á é ei í ó ou ú ő öü ű'''
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| Non-clicks:
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| Labials: p pʰ b bʰ m mʰ '''p ph b bh m mh'''
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| Dentals: t tʰ d dʰ n nʰ l lʰ '''t th d dh n nh l lh'''
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| Velars: k kʰ g gʰ ŋ ŋʰ '''k kh g gh ŋ ŋh'''
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| Labiovelars: kʷ kʷʰ gʷ gʷʰ ŋʷ ŋʷʰ '''kw kwh gw gwh ŋw ŋwh'''
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| Dental affricates: ts tsʰ dz dzʰ '''c ch z zh'''
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| Lateral affricates: tɬ tɬʰ dɮ dɮʰ '''ξ ξh λ λh'''
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| Palatal affricates: tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʰ '''č čh j jh'''
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| Other consonants: f s ɬ ʃ h '''f s σ š h'''
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| Clicks:
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| ʘ ʘʰ gʘ gʘʰ ŋʘ ŋʘʰ '''pk pkh bg bgh bŋ bŋh'''
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| ! !ʰ g! g!ʰ n! n!ʰ '''tk tkh dg dgh dŋ dŋh'''
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| | |ʰ g| g|ʰ n| n|ʰ '''ck ckh zg zgh zŋ zŋh'''
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| ǁ ǁʰ gǁ gǁʰ nǁ nǁʰ '''ξk ξkh λg λgh λŋ λŋh'''
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| ǂ ǂʰ gǂ gǂʰ nǂ nǂʰ '''čk čkh jg jgh jŋ jŋh'''
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| + labialized counterparts of the above clicks: '''pkw, pkwh, bgw, bgwh, ...'''
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| </poem>
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| <poem>
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| Old !Zoom evolved from Primitive !Zoom via syncope, umlaut and resulting clusters becoming clicks. Only nasal+C clusters are allowed in Old Zoom; it also has a distinctive Old Irish-like stress pattern. | |
| Nouns and adjectives in Old Zoom:
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| Like Primitive !Zoom, Old !Zoom is a fusional language with Austronesian alignment. Nouns and adjectives have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases: direct, indirect and "genitive" (used after prepositions).
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| Construct state is used for possessive noun phrases, which are head-initial; unusually, case is marked on the LAST noun in a construct noun phrase.
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| Case is often marked by a definite article which triggers mutations on the noun, as in Irish. There are two kinds of mutations: click mutation, nasal mutation and h-prothesis (h-prothesis only occurs in vowel-initial words).
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| Adjectives agree with nouns in the kind of mutation that they take.
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| (Note: A buffer [ə] may be added between two clicks.)
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| A masculine noun: pódŋh /po:ŋ!ʰ/ "stone"
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| Singular:
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| dir: pódŋh /po:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkha /'po:nkʰa/
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| ind: pődŋh /pø:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhi /'po:nkʰi/
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| gen: pódŋh-N /po:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhaŋ /'po:nkʰaŋ/
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| const: pődŋh-H /pø:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhih /'po:nkʰah/
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| Plural:
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| dir: pódŋha-C /'po:ŋ!ʰa/ < pônkhâk
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| ind: pódŋhe-C /'po:ŋ!ʰe/ < pônkhêk
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| gen: pódŋhi /'po:ŋ!ʰi/ < pônkhai
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| const: pódŋhu /'po:ŋ!ʰu/ < pônkhau
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| A feminine noun: tíjŋ = a species of songbird
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| Singular:
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| dir: tíjŋ-C /ti:ŋǂ/ < tîŋičak
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| ind: tíjŋ-H /ti:ŋǂ/ < tîŋičah
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| gen: tíjŋa /'ti:ŋǂa/ < tîŋičâ
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| const: tíjŋe /'ti:ŋǂe/ < tîŋičê
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| Plural:
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| dir: tíjŋa-N /'ti:ŋǂa/ < tîŋičâŋ
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| ind: tíjŋe-N /'ti:ŋǂe/ < tîŋičêŋ
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| gen: tíjŋi /'ti:ŋǂi/ < tîŋičai
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| const: tíjŋu /'ti:ŋǂu/ < tîŋičau
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| With a definite article and an adjective this becomes:
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| (Masculine example: ca pódŋh dún "the good stone")
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| Singular:
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| dir: ca pódŋh dún /tsa po:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < ca pônkha dûnu
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| ind: ci pődŋh dún /tsi pø:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < ci pônkhi dûnu
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| gen: ci bódŋh nún /tsi bo:ŋ!ʰ(ə) nu:n/ < caŋ pônkhaŋ dûnuŋ
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| const: pődŋh dún /pø:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < pônkhih dûnuh
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| Plural:
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| dir: kha pkódŋha dgúnu /kʰa 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰa 'g!u:nu/ < khak pônkhâk dûnûk
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| ind: khi pkódŋhe dgúnu /kʰe 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰe 'g!u:nu/ < khik pônkhêk dûnûk
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| gen: khi pódŋhi dúni /kʰi 'po:ŋ!ʰi 'g!u:ni/ khai pônkhai dûnai
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| const: pódŋhu dúnu /'po:ŋ!ʰu 'g!u:nu/ pônkhau dûnau
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| (Feminine example: ca tkíjŋ dgún "the good tíjŋ")
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| Singular:
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| dir: ca tkíjŋ dgún /tsa !i:ŋǂ(ə) g!u:n/ < cak tîŋičak dûnuk
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| ind: ca tíjŋ dún /tsa ti:ŋǂ(ə) du:n/ < cah tîŋičah dûnuh
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| gen: ca tíjŋa dúnu /tsa 'ti:ŋǂa 'du:nu/ < câ tîŋičâ dûnû
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| const: ce tíjŋe dúnu /tse 'ti:ŋǂe 'du:nu/ < cê tîŋičê dûnû
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| Plural:
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| dir: kha díjŋa núnu /kʰa 'di:ŋǂa nu:nu/ < khaŋ tîŋičâŋ dûnûŋ
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| ind: khi díjŋe núnu /kʰe 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰe nu:nu/ < khiŋ tîŋičêŋ dûnûŋ
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| gen: khi tíjŋi dúnu /kʰi 'po:ŋ!ʰi g!u:ni/ < khai tîŋičai dûnû
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| const: tíjŋu dúnu /'po:ŋ!ʰu g!u:nu/ < tîŋičau dûnû
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| </poem>
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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