User:IlL/Spare pages 1/5: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
m IlL moved page User:IlL/Spare pages 1-99/5 to User:IlL/Spare pages 1/5 without leaving a redirect
 
(105 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
*[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
*[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
*[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]
*[[{{PAGENAME}}/Phrasebook]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: /tʃərn/ ''chern''; native name: ''Tsjoen-Naet'' /tʂœn nɛt/) is an official language in Tsjoen-Gjeost and several other countries, and a lingua franca in [[Verse:Bjeheond|Bjeheond]].
==Todo==
*'is not ADJ' < "is nothing ADJ"
*''ry xa'' = OK, got it
*''hjoen'' = so, thus, yes
*I think setting cars on fire is not OK. = ''Xi stir loet aeksj tingm tsjoer pruh.'' (I think COMP give car burn evil)
*I think police violence is OK! = ''xi stir loet vidjóf ospák si pruh!'' (I think that police violence not evil)
*''oem'' = say
*''ry'' = hear
*Tsjoen national anthem?
*''zjog'' = person
*''zatj'' = 2nd person polite pronoun
*postvocalic h is allowed
*''Xi gdeoz, beugju xi tjaleo'' = Cogito ergo sum
*''hael'' = ego
*''hjeo'' (before C), ''hjeor'' (before V) = this
*''tjaleo'' = exist
*''fosn'' = therefore; ''beugju'' = ergo
*''Otsn./Jodav.'' = Hello.
*''Eobák.'' = Greetings. (somewhat more formal)
*''Tsuxa.'' = Thank you.
*''Sjapt otsn.'' = Bye.
*''ingk'' (''mae'') = name
*''rip'' = learn
*''nim'' (''mae'') = water
*''zjeosm'' (''lek'') = wife
*''keokeortjar'' = strict
*''gdeoz'' = to think
*''eobak'' (''mae'') 'greeting'
*''muk'' 'bad'
*''fljeongar'' 'round'
*''vael'' 'I (formal)' (< ''yavvál'' 'servant')
*''vaelur'' 'we (formal)'
*''bjaels'' 'state'
*''vjeorkun'' 'Varquun'
*''blotp'' /blotp/ 'tongue, language' (Myuftseezh ''blotp'' < Proto-Ftseezhic ''blōtp'' < Proto-Myuftseezh {{recon|''blātʼpʼ''}})
*''rjeonmok'' /rjʌnmok/ 'hero (often used ironically)' < Varquun ''rannammókk'' "raven-joy", i.e. warrior
*''eotijeo'' = prove < Varquun ''atiyah'' 'prove, demonstrate'
*''Xi tat wegar mae gzeos fae mydar mae gzeos, klje xjod kyks pju.''  = 'I mixed the blue liquid and the orange liquid, and then there was an explosion.'
*''Si o xi-kveo tsjatmaengal!'' = Not my president!
*''ke'' = ovum, genesis (Varquun ''kké'' 'egg')
*''bljedin'' = theorem
*''hveol 'question particle' < kʷa-ləy; kjom 'for' < q'əw, mul 'keep' < muyλay''
*''Vae-ingk o [name] / Xi-ingk o [name]'' = My name is [name]
*''Ziveo ti xa jaeg tvi kjo ngeo doz'' = Happy birthday!
*''tamil'' = [[Tamil]] (Proto-Clofabic)
*''tamizj'' = *t a m i l* (the Dravidian one; not used in-universe)
===Avoid===
*''feok'', ''keont''
===To translate===
*[http://yoanaj.co.il/uploadimages/The_Little_Prince.pdf The Little Prince]
==Orthography==
==Phonology==
Tsjoen has an average-sized (~25, depending on who's counting) consonant inventory and a rather large (10) vowel inventory.
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
!  | Labial
!  | Alveolar
!  | Lateral
!  | Medial
!  | Palatal
!  | Velar
!  | Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''tj''' /t͡ɕ/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''dj''' /d͡ʑ/
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/
|
| '''sj''' /ɧ/
| '''hj''' /ç/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v~w/
| '''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
| '''ts''' /ts/
|
| '''tsj''' /tʂ/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''zj''' /ɹ/
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*'''t d h''' are pronounced like '''tj dj hj''' before /i/ and /y/.
===Vowels===
Tsjoen has 10 vowel phonemes. There are no diphthongs.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''y''' /y/
| '''eu''' /ɯ/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
|rowspan="2"|'''oe''' /ø~œ/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
|colspan="2"|'''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
Some linguists consider ''eu'' to actually be a non-palatalizing allophone of ''i''.
''eo'' is reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables.
===Stress===
Stress is always initial.
===Phonotactics===
*The most common roots are C(v/j)V, C(v/j)VC(C), C(v/j)VC(C)V, C(v/j)VC(C)VC. (The initial C(v/j) is optional)
*/ji, jɯ, vɯ, vu/ are prohibited.
*Initial /ŋ/ is prohibited, as in both Sino-Korean and Swedish.
===Intonation===
==Morphology==
==Syntax==
===Basic typology===
Tsjoen grammar is mostly analytic and SVXO. Genitives and adjectives precede nouns: relative clauses follow nouns. Both pre- and postpositions are used.
:''Xi taek oseor eukng ti fjuxt.''
:I speak of love and hate.
:''Hveol ngeo mul kjom xi hi?''
:Are you saving it for me?
:''Baheod tjaleo.''
:Eagles exist.
===Noun phrases===
#''$NOUN'' can mean both 'a $NOUN' and '$NOUNs'; in general, number distinctions cannot be made without a classifier.
#''CLF $NOUN'' means 'the $NOUN' or 'the $NOUNs'; the number depends on whether the classifier is singular or plural.
#''bae $CLF $NOUN'' means 'this $NOUN'; ''hjeo $CLF $NOUN'' means 'that $NOUN'.
#''$ADJ $NOUN'' and ''$VERB fo $NOUN'' means 'an $ADJ $NOUN' or 'a $NOUN that $VERBs'.
#''$NOUN CLF $REL_CLAUSE'' = 'a $NOUN $REL_CLAUSE; see the section on clauses.
#(With numbers) ''$NOUN $N CLF'' = '$N $NOUN(s)'; ''CLF $NOUN $N CLF'' = 'the $N $NOUN(s)''.
===Verb phrases===
Grammaticalization happens readily in Tsjoen, as evinced by the sheer number of auxiliaries and particles in the language.
====TAM====
Lots of TAM particles
*progressive ''va'' < "be at/in" like Celtic
*non-immediate future ''ho'' < "mean to"
*almost < "approach"
*overdo < "cross"
*take the initiative to < "take"
*try X-ing < "taste"
*may < "get"
*please < "be pleased to"
====Serial verbs?====
===Clauses===
The copula is ''o''.
====Relative clauses====
Resumptive pronoun: ''lje''
==Miscellaneous==
===Poetry===
A Tsjoen meter is a set number of syllables per line, commonly with a division of each line into (usually two) sub-lines of certain lengths.
Alliteration is essential in Tsjoen poetry; traditionally, one creates a sense of rhythm by using alliteration in certain patterns such as:
# the beginning syllables of sub-lines, e.g. in the pattern a ... | a ... or a ... | [...] | a ...
# syllables within lines or sub-lines, e.g. a a a _ ‖ b b b _ ‖ c c c _ ‖ d d d _
# the above two may be combined, e.g. a _ a ... | b _ b ... ‖ b _ b ... | c _ c ... ‖ c _ c ... | d _ d ...
Non-traditional assonance schemes are used in modern poetry and in whimsical, quasi-Hofstadterian "riddle poems".
An example of a couplet with 4+4-lines:
<poem>
'''''Ts'''als ftjud txeob reodj ‖ '''ts'''op hjaeg jeopng'';
'''''d'''usp ny mjav pnje, ‖ '''d'''vots lats fjeltjar.''
</poem>
"Telegraphic" syntax à la Classical Chinese, i.e. not using classifiers and grammatical particles, is relatively common in "classical" poetry.
==Sample texts==
''Otsn, xi-ingk o Saxmatezj Svad, ti xi-blotp o Tsjoen-blotp.''
[[Category:Mustlup languages]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:IlL/Spare_pages_1/5&oldid=305385"