Old Swuntsim: Difference between revisions

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tSxwəcim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swutsim people. It is still often used as a liturgical language among religious Swutsim.
[[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list]]
 
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tiSxwəncim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among [[Verse:Tricin/Swuntsim people|religious Swuntsim]].


Descendants:
Descendants:
*[[Talman Swutsim]]
*Modern [[Swuntsim]]
*Naquian Swutsim
*Naquian Swuntsim
==Numbers==
==GMP==
1: *-an
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged)


2: *-xʷiš
Two consecutive breathy vowels > just the first vowel drops.


3: *-ʔiyəm
Satemization


4: *-udzuq
==Phonology==
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones.
===Consonants===


5: *-t'u
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2| Bilabial
!colspan=2| Alveolar
!rowspan=2| Palatal
!colspan=2| Velar
!colspan=2| Uvular
!rowspan=2| Glottal
|-
! <small>central</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>labialized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>labialized</small>
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>plain</small>
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kw
|
|
| ʔ
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| b
| d
|
|
| g
| gw
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
| pʼ
| tʼ
|
|
| kʼ
| kwʼ
| qʼ
| qwʼ
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Affricate
! <small>plain</small>
|
| c
| ξ
| č
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| z
|
| j
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| cʼ
| ξʼ
| čʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
|
| s
| σ
| š
|
| xw
| χ
| χw
| h
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
|
|
|
| y
|
| w
| ȝ
| ȝw
|
|}


6: *-čaydž
===Vowels===
 
Clear vowels: ''i u ə a''
7: *-buč'o
 
8: *-wiməʔ
 
9: *-anay
 
10: *-kʷ'in


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 30: Line 144:
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Noun classes====
====Noun classes====
Sacred Swutsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
Line 38: Line 152:
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
#''gu-'', pl. ''n-''
#''gu-'', pl. ''N-''
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
#''t-''
#''t-''
Line 50: Line 164:
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Noun class prefixes====
====Noun class prefixes====
*I = ''kʷə-''
*I = ''kwə-/kw-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xwə-/xw-''
*we = ''wə-''
*we = ''wə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*Noun class prefixes:
*Noun class prefixes:
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-/c-''
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-/d-''
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-''
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-/əp-''
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-''
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-''
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-''
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-/pσ-''
*#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
*#''ma-/mə-'', pl. ''əwə-/u-''
*#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
*#''k-/č-'', pl. ''abi-/əb-''
*#''gu-'', pl. ''n-''
*#''gu-'', pl. ''N-''
*#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
*#''σi-/σ-'', pl. ''wi-''
*#''t-'', no plural
*#''ti-/t-'', no plural
*#''t’im-'', no plural
*#''t’im-'', no plural
*#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural
*#''pda-/pdə-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural


====Tense affixes====
====Tense affixes====
''-s'' - past tense
''-s'' - past tense
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]]
 
1: *-an
 
2: *-xʷiš
 
3: *-ʔiyəm
 
4: *-udzuq
 
5: *-t'u
 
6: *-čaydž
 
7: *-buč'oh
 
8: *-gwiməʔ
 
9: *-anay
 
10: *-kʷ'in
 
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]
 
 
[[Category:Tsimulh languages]]

Latest revision as of 03:08, 9 June 2020

Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list

Old Swuntsim (tiSxwəncim) was the ancient Tsimulh language spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among religious Swuntsim.

Descendants:

GMP

Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged)

Two consecutive breathy vowels > just the first vowel drops.

Satemization

Phonology

Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones.

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal m n
Stop plain p t k kw ʔ
voiced b d g gw
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kwʼ qʼ qwʼ
Affricate plain c ξ č
voiced z j
ejective cʼ ξʼ čʼ
Fricative s σ š xw χ χw h
Approximant y w ȝ ȝw

Vowels

Clear vowels: i u ə a

Grammar

Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit

Nouns

Noun classes

Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:

  1. ʔə-, pl. cə-
  2. bu-, pl. də-
  3. p-, pl. əpi-
  4. s-, pl. dus-
  5. ut-, pl. pσə-
  6. ma-, pl. əwə-
  7. č-, pl. abi-
  8. gu-, pl. N-
  9. σi-, pl. wi-
  10. t-
  11. t’im-
  12. pda-

Cases

  • Nominative: -0
  • Genitive: -s

Verbs

Noun class prefixes

  • I = kwə-/kw-
  • you (sg) = xwə-/xw-
  • we = wə-
  • you (pl) = cu-
  • Noun class prefixes:
    1. ʔə-, pl. cə-/c-
    2. bu-, pl. də-/d-
    3. p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
    4. s-, pl. dus-
    5. ut-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
    6. ma-/mə-, pl. əwə-/u-
    7. k-/č-, pl. abi-/əb-
    8. gu-, pl. N-
    9. σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
    10. ti-/t-, no plural
    11. t’im-, no plural
    12. pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural

Tense affixes

-s - past tense

Numbers

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