Old Swuntsim: Difference between revisions
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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ('' | [[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tiSxwəncim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among [[Verse:Tricin/Swuntsim people|religious Swuntsim]]. | |||
Descendants: | Descendants: | ||
*[[ | *Modern [[Swuntsim]] | ||
*Naquian | *Naquian Swuntsim | ||
==GMP== | ==GMP== | ||
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged) | Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged) | ||
| Line 12: | Line 14: | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 116: | Line 119: | ||
| š | | š | ||
| | | | ||
| | | xw | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
| | | χw | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 128: | Line 131: | ||
| | | | ||
| w | | w | ||
| | | ȝ | ||
| | | ȝw | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Clear vowels: ''i u | Clear vowels: ''i u ə a'' | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
| Line 142: | Line 144: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Noun classes==== | ====Noun classes==== | ||
Sacred | Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows: | ||
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | #''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | ||
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | #''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | ||
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#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | #''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | ||
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | #''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | ||
#''gu-'', pl. '' | #''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | ||
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | #''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | ||
#''t-'' | #''t-'' | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Noun class prefixes==== | ====Noun class prefixes==== | ||
*I = '' | *I = ''kwə-/kw-'' | ||
*you (sg) = '' | *you (sg) = ''xwə-/xw-'' | ||
*we = ''wə-'' | *we = ''wə-'' | ||
*you (pl) = ''cu-'' | *you (pl) = ''cu-'' | ||
*Noun class prefixes: | *Noun class prefixes: | ||
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | *#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-/c-'' | ||
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | *#''bu-'', pl. ''də-/d-'' | ||
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' | *#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-/əp-'' | ||
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | *#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | ||
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' | *#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-/pσ-'' | ||
*#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | *#''ma-/mə-'', pl. ''əwə-/u-'' | ||
*#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | *#''k-/č-'', pl. ''abi-/əb-'' | ||
*#''gu-'', pl. '' | *#''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | ||
*#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | *#''σi-/σ-'', pl. ''wi-'' | ||
*#''t-'', no plural | *#''ti-/t-'', no plural | ||
*#''t’im-'', no plural | *#''t’im-'', no plural | ||
*#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | *#''pda-/pdə-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | ||
====Tense affixes==== | ====Tense affixes==== | ||
''-s'' - past tense | ''-s'' - past tense | ||
===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]] | |||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|* | |||
Latest revision as of 03:08, 9 June 2020
Old Swuntsim (tiSxwəncim) was the ancient Tsimulh language spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among religious Swuntsim.
Descendants:
- Modern Swuntsim
- Naquian Swuntsim
GMP
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged)
Two consecutive breathy vowels > just the first vowel drops.
Satemization
Phonology
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Stop | plain | p | t | k | kw | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | g | gw | ||||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kwʼ | qʼ | qwʼ | ||||
| Affricate | plain | c | ξ | č | ||||||
| voiced | z | j | ||||||||
| ejective | cʼ | ξʼ | čʼ | |||||||
| Fricative | s | σ | š | xw | χ | χw | h | |||
| Approximant | y | w | ȝ | ȝw | ||||||
Vowels
Clear vowels: i u ə a
Grammar
Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit
Nouns
Noun classes
Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
- ʔə-, pl. cə-
- bu-, pl. də-
- p-, pl. əpi-
- s-, pl. dus-
- ut-, pl. pσə-
- ma-, pl. əwə-
- č-, pl. abi-
- gu-, pl. N-
- σi-, pl. wi-
- t-
- t’im-
- pda-
Cases
- Nominative: -0
- Genitive: -s
Verbs
Noun class prefixes
- I = kwə-/kw-
- you (sg) = xwə-/xw-
- we = wə-
- you (pl) = cu-
- Noun class prefixes:
- ʔə-, pl. cə-/c-
- bu-, pl. də-/d-
- p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
- s-, pl. dus-
- ut-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
- ma-/mə-, pl. əwə-/u-
- k-/č-, pl. abi-/əb-
- gu-, pl. N-
- σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
- ti-/t-, no plural
- t’im-, no plural
- pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
Tense affixes
-s - past tense