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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ɛ/ is a tonal [[Lakovic languages|Lakovic language]].
:[[Æ/Lexicon]]


==Introduction==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrˀ Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is an [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language). It belongs to the Rieñ-Zrâtt language family and is related to [[Trây]] which is a Khmer-like language with initial clusters condensed into clicks.
Æ is meant to be a Danish jokelang.


==Phonology==
== Diachronics sketch ==
===Consonants===
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ
'''p t tj k f s h m n nj ng l zj r v j''' /p t c k f s x m n ɲ ŋ l ɹ ʀ v j/


===Vowels===
== Broad phonology ==
=== Initials ===
'''b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0''' /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Medials ===
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.
 
=== Vowels ===
Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ: u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/
 
=== Finals ===
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -ˀ -jˀ -vˀ -dˀ -rˀ -nˀ -mˀ /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -ŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -ŋ͡mʔ/
==== Origins of finals ====
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
 
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)
 
=== Tones ===
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
==== Tone box ====
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)
{| class="wikitable"
!
!A (null/voiced coda)
!B (glottal stop coda)
!C (fricative coda)
!D (voiceless stop coda)
|-
!Modal initial
|a
|á
|ả
|áˀ
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
!Breathy initial
! colspan="4" |Front
|à
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Central
|ạ
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Back
|ã
|ạˀ
|}
 
== Narrow phonology ==
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
=== Initials ===
Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.
=== Rimes with no -r- medial ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
! colspan="13"|Nucleus
|-
|-
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!/æː/
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!/æ/
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!/ɛ/
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!/œ/
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!/ɔ/
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!/e/
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!/ø/
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!/o/
!/i/
!/y/
!/u/
!/ɨː/
!/ɨ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! rowspan="8"|Coda
| '''i''' /i/
! /0/
| '''ir''' /iˤ/
| [ɛː]<br/>''a''
|  
| -
|  
| [eː]<br/>''æ''
| '''u''' /ɨ/
| [œ̝ː]<br/>''æ̊''
| '''ur''' /ɨˤ/
| [ɔ̽ː]<br/>''å''
| '''ů''' /u/
| [e̝ː]<br/>''e''
| '''ůr''' /uˤ/
| [øː]<br/>''ø''
| [o̝ː]<br/>''o''
| [iː]<br/>''i''
| [yː]<br/>''y''
| [uː]<br/>''ů''
| [ɨː]<br/>''u''
| -
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! /j(ʔ)/
| '''e''' /e/
| [ɛːj]<br/>''aj''
| '''er''' /eˤ/
| [ɑ̈j]<br/>''ăj''
| '''ø''' /øˤ/
| -
| '''ør''' /øˤ/
| -
|  
| [ɒ̽ːj]<br/>''åj''
|  
| -
| '''o''' /o/
| -
| '''or''' /oˤ/
| [oːj]<br/>''oj''
| -
| -
| [uːj]<br/>''ůj''
| [ɨːj]<br/>''uj''
| [əj]<br/>''ŭj''
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! /w(ʔ)/
| '''æ''' /ɛ/
| [ɛːw]<br/>''av''
| '''ær''' /ɛˤ/
| [æw]<br/>''ăv''
| '''æ̊''' /œ/
| [eːw]<br/>''æv''
| '''æ̊r''' /œˤ/
| [œːw]<br/>''æ̊v''
| '''a''' /a/
| [ɔ̽ːw]<br/>''åv''
| '''ar''' /aˤ/
| [e̝ːw]<br/>''ev''
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| [øːw]<br/>''øv''
| '''år''' /ɔˤ/
| -
|}
| [iːw]<br/>''iv''
 
| [yːw]<br/>''yv''
===Tones===
| -
Æ has four register phonations or tones:
| [ɨːw]<br/>''uv''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| [əw]<br/>''ŭv''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} tones'''
|-
|-
! Spelling
! /ð(ʔ)/
! Tone
| [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ad''
! Example
| [æð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ăd''
! IPA
| [eːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æd''
! Meaning
| [œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æ̊d''
| [ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''åd''
| [e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ed''
| [øːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ød''
| [o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''od''
| [iːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''id''
| [yːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''yd''
| [uːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ůd''
| [ð̩˕˗ˠː]<br/>''ud''
| [əð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ŭd''
|-
|-
| unmarked
! /ɐ̯(ʔ)/
| modal
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ar''
| ''hæ̊''  
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ăr''
| /hœ/
| [eːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ær''
| echo
| [œːɒ̯̽]<br/>''æ̊r''
| [ɒ̝ː]<br/>''år''
| [e̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''er''
| [øːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ør''
| [o̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''or''
| [iːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ir''
| [yːɒ̯̽]<br/>''yr''
| [uːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ůr''
| [ɨːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ur''
| [əɒ̯̽]<br/>''ŭr''
|-
|-
| s
! /ŋ(ʔ)/
| stød (weak glottalization)
| [ɛ̃ː]<br/>''an''
| ''hæ̊s''
| [ãː]<br/>''ăn''
| /hœˀ/
| steep
|-
|-
| b
! /ŋ͡m(ʔ)/
| breathy
| [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]<br/>''am''
| ''hæ̊b''
| [æ̃w̃~æw̃]<br/>''ăm''
| /hœʱ/
| to stretch
|-
|-
| g
! /ʔ/
| checked (strong glottalization)
| [ɛːʔ]<br/>''aˀ''
| ''hæ̊g''
| [æʔ]<br/>''ăˀ''
| /hœʔ/
| to make a mistake
|}
|}


==Morphology==
== Grammar ==
TODO: "erhua"
=== Polar questions ===
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd blảj Æ med?''
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
: Are you Æ?
 
== Poetry ==
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form


*''hæ̊ч'' /hœʔ/ 'to make a mistake' > ''hæ̊rчhæ̊rч'' /hœˤʔ hœˤʔ/ 'peccadillo'
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 27 November 2024

Æ/Lexicon

Æ (natively jạrˀ Æ [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ eh) is an Angaian monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language). It belongs to the Rieñ-Zrâtt language family and is related to Trây which is a Khmer-like language with initial clusters condensed into clicks.

Diachronics sketch

Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ

Broad phonology

Initials

b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0 /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/

Medials

-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.

Vowels

Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ: u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/

Finals

-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -ˀ -jˀ -vˀ -dˀ -rˀ -nˀ -mˀ /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -ŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -ŋ͡mʔ/

Origins of finals

  • -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
  • -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)

(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)

Tones

8 tones, 2 of which have stød

Tone box

Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)

A (null/voiced coda) B (glottal stop coda) C (fricative coda) D (voiceless stop coda)
Modal initial a á ả áˀ
Breathy initial à ạ ã ạˀ

Narrow phonology

Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible

Initials

Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.

Rimes with no -r- medial

Nucleus
/æː/ /æ/ /ɛ/ /œ/ /ɔ/ /e/ /ø/ /o/ /i/ /y/ /u/ /ɨː/ /ɨ/
Coda /0/ [ɛː]
a 		- [eː]
æ 		[œ̝ː]
æ̊ 		[ɔ̽ː]
å 		[e̝ː]
e 		[øː]
ø 		[o̝ː]
o 		[iː]
i 		[yː]
y 		[uː]
ů 		[ɨː]
u 		-
/j(ʔ)/ [ɛːj]
aj 		[ɑ̈j]
ăj 		- - [ɒ̽ːj]
åj 		- - [oːj]
oj 		- - [uːj]
ůj 		[ɨːj]
uj 		[əj]
ŭj
/w(ʔ)/ [ɛːw]
av 		[æw]
ăv 		[eːw]
æv 		[œːw]
æ̊v 		[ɔ̽ːw]
åv 		[e̝ːw]
ev 		[øːw]
øv 		- [iːw]
iv 		[yːw]
yv 		- [ɨːw]
uv 		[əw]
ŭv
/ð(ʔ)/ [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]
ad 		[æð̠˕ˠ]
ăd 		[eːð̠˕ˠ]
æd 		[œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
æ̊d 		[ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]
åd 		[e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
ed 		[øːð̠˕ˠ]
ød 		[o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
od 		[iːð̠˕ˠ]
id 		[yːð̠˕ˠ]
yd 		[uːð̠˕ˠ]
ůd 		[ð̩˕˗ˠː]
ud 		[əð̠˕ˠ]
ŭd
/ɐ̯(ʔ)/ [ɑ̈ː]
ar 		[ɑ̈ː]
ăr 		[eːɒ̯̽]
ær 		[œːɒ̯̽]
æ̊r 		[ɒ̝ː]
år 		[e̝ːɒ̯̽]
er 		[øːɒ̯̽]
ør 		[o̝ːɒ̯̽]
or 		[iːɒ̯̽]
ir 		[yːɒ̯̽]
yr 		[uːɒ̯̽]
ůr 		[ɨːɒ̯̽]
ur 		[əɒ̯̽]
ŭr
/ŋ(ʔ)/ [ɛ̃ː]
an 		[ãː]
ăn
/ŋ͡m(ʔ)/ [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]
am 		[æ̃w̃~æw̃]
ăm
/ʔ/ [ɛːʔ]
aˀ 		[æʔ]
ăˀ

Grammar

Polar questions

Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.

Mæ̣rˀ húd med blảj Æ? / Mæ̣rˀ húd blảj Æ med?
2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
Are you Æ?

Poetry

Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form

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