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| :''This article describes Classical Windermere. See [[Windermere/Modern]] for Modern Windermere and [[Windermere/Old]] for Old (pre-Classical) Windermere.''
| | ==Ancient== |
| | ==Mărotłite literature== |
| | ==Gweats Era== |
| | ==Fnüeng Era== |
| | ==Middle Windermere literature== |
| | * Etsoj Jopah |
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| [[Windermere/Lexicon]]<br/>
| | ==Modern Windermere literature== |
| [[Windermere/Swadesh list]]<br/>
| | Post-Revival |
| [[Windermere/Names]]<br/>
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| [[Windermere/Diachronics]]<br/>
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| [[Windermere/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
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| |name = Classical {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ<br/>brits Dămea
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| |pronunciation=
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| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
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| |region = Talma
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| |familycolor=tergetic
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| |fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
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| |fam2=Ashanic
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| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
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| |iso3=
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''Classical Windermere''' (native name: ''brits Dămea'' /brits dəˈmeə/; [[Skellan]]: ''a brits Dymée Yfẃr'' /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămea''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tseezh]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.
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| ==Introduction==
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| Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by English, Romanian and [[Tíogall]], one of my old Talmic sketches.
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| It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] for the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]].
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| ==Todo==
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| *Use more final /b d g/?
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| *Place name morphemes: frun-
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| *Infix allomorphs as in mi-ts{{angbr|m}}ăchean
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| Neutral:
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| :''Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.''
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| :sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
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| :Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
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| Focused:
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| :''Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.''
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| :DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
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| :It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
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| :''Süeth id-păchnay.''
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| :naked DIR-king
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| :The king is naked.
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| <!-- Blacklist: ''șoa'' or ''șo'a'' or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew (thus no ''xoo'' in Skellan except by random change)
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| -->
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| Make more derivational use of aspects in Modern Wdm
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| cămra, ngüe, făm'oy, loch, wănir, yătlech, măley
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| Change orthography?
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| ==Orthography==
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| ====Consonants====
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| Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
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| *Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
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| *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
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| *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
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| *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
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| ===Vowels===
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| The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
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| *· : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
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| ===Punctuation===
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b~β/
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| | '''d''' /d~ð/
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| | '''g''' /g~ɣ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p⁼/
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| | '''t''' /t⁼/
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| | '''c''' /k⁼/
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| | <b>'</b> /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
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| | '''ts''' /ts̪/
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| | '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>spirant</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''th''' /θ/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>nonspirant</small>
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| | '''s''' /s̪/
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| | '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/
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| | '''ș''' /ʃ/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Resonant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| | '''l''' /l~ɫ~ɭ/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| |}
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| The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
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| ===Vowels===
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| These are the realization of vowels in Classical Windermere:
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Monophthongs
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''ă''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''ä''' /æ/
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| | '''a''' /a̠/
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Diphthongs
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ie''' /iə/
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| | '''üe''' /yə/
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| | '''ua''' /uə/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ea''' /eə/
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| | '''oa''' /oə/
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| |}
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| {{col-end}}
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| ;Notes
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| */ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
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| ===Stress===
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| Stress is on the last syllable that does not have /ə/ as the vowel.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
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| Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Germanic. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):
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| *Cl: pl, tl, tsl, cl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
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| *Cr: pr, tr, tsr, cr, br, dr, gr, fr, thr, chr, sr
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| *Cm: tm, thm, cm, chm, sm
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| *Cn: fn, cn, chn, sn
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| *Cng: fng, tng, thng, chng, sng
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| *Cw: tw, thw, cw, chw, gw, sw, șw
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| *sC: sp, st, sc, sm, sn, sng, sl, sr, sw
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| *chC: chm, chn, chng, chl, chr
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| Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.
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| ==Morphology==
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| Windermere morphology predominantly uses prefixes, infixes, and reduplication.
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| ===Nouns===
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| ''im-'' is used as the plural prefix.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| The case markers are the following:
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| *''id'': nominative
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| *''u'': accusative
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| *''mi-'': locative
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| *''ya-'': comitative
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| *''șa-'': allative
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| *''ngie'': "like"
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| *''fa-'': ablative
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| *''tsip'' : without
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| *''fe'': by (passive)
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| *''ło-'': on
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| *''tăngap'': before
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| *''łăbie'': after
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| *''ba'': through
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| ===Pronouns===
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| Pronouns are only used for animates. Inanimates use the demonstratives ''sed'' and ''fid''.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !|
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| !I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)
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| |-
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| !|Nominative
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| |''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tsa''||''bang''||''łănam''||''ănam''
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| |-
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| !|Accusative
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| |''crie''||''căłen''||''căłes''||''cin''||''cis''||''cătsa''||''căbang''||''căłnam''||''cănam''
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| |}
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| After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
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| ===Demonstratives===
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| *this: __ se (adnominal); sed (pronominal); sen (masculine); ses (feminine)
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| *that: __ fi (adnominal); fid (pronominal); fin (masculine); fis (feminine)
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| *here: rădun se, dunse (casual)
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| *there: rădun fi, dumfi (casual)
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| *who: ășac ra, ășra (casual)
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| *what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
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| *where: rădun ra, dura (casual)
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| *when ngith ra, ngithra (casual)
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| *how tănsü ra; tăra in casual speech
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| *all: tsor (preposed)
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| *many: mea (preposed)
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| *some: tăchung (preposed)
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| *few: łüp (preposed)
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| *other: nătha
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| ===Verbs===
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| Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.
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| In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
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| Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
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| ====Aspect====
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| Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
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| Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
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| *imperfective/stative = unmarked; marked with ''li-'' for others
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| *perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
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| *prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
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| *momentane = ''bla-''
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| *progressive = ''ăL-''
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| *gnomic, habitual, continuous = ''FăL-''
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| *frequentative = ''eNFă-''
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| *inchoative/inceptive = ''osăL-''
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| *graduative = ''tăFa-''
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| ====Intensive====
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| *''thu-'' = intensive prefix
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| ====Voice affixes====
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| Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere.
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| *''‹ăch›'' = Dynamic passive
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| *''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive
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| *''‹ăp›'' = Reflexive
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
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| *''rech'' = comparative marker
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| *''nüep'' = superlative marker (replaced by ''hă'et'' in Modern Windermere)
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *TODO: another nominalizer?
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| *‹''i''› = nominalizer for underived verbs
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| *''bin-'' = nominalizer for derived verbs
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| *''hăl-'' = nominalizer for adjectives
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| *''sa-'' = nominalizer
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| *''di-'' = negation
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| *''ing-'' or ''ngi-'' = verbalizer (from ''ieng'' 'to do')
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| *''mo-'' (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
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| *''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?)
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| *''yă-'' = adjectivizer
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| *''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
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| *''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
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| *{{angbr|''năr''}} = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
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| *Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive (used for both nouns and verbs)
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| **''yar'' = flower > ''yăryar'' 'little flower'
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| **''chnur'' = song > ''chnărnur'' 'little song'
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| *Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
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| **''hălwier'' = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
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| **''wang'' = 'matter, affairs'
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| **''ngoth'' = 'manner, way, belief system'
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| **''sces'' = 'style of, à la'
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| **''ăma'' = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')
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| ===="Trigger" verb affixes====
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| These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.
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| *''‹ăn/ăng›'' = Applicative trigger
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| *''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
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| *''‹ăw›'' = Instrumental trigger
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| *''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
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| **''răfongüe'' 'to endow' < ''rüe'' 'to give'
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| *''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
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| *''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
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| *''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
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| *''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| The basic word order of Windermere is VSO.
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| The question particle is ''lea'', which is preposed before the sentence.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| There is a preverbal negative particle ''die''.
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| ===Time clauses===
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| For a non-finite time clause, ''mi-'' + verbal noun may be used.
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| ===Relative clauses===
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| ''mo-'' = relativizer
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| *often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
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| ===Complement clauses===
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| ''nga'' = complementizer
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| ===Reason clauses===
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| ===Verbal noun clauses===
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==="The Round Table", from the ''Imthumăytil''===
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| ''Doan ngith, dur id tach chäth mi mogor lăytheath. Enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Mea ra łănam dunse?" Roac ăngnung imchäth nătha, emcă'aw doan: "Müeșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thräf, șrüch te-chloas chustiw..." Łop enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Ǎna mea ra moach, srüe hădean do croth nătha?" Emcă'aw id chäth ăfăyfay, "Op călu, Păda: șa-bang tsor tăy'uag paleac, sach făbeang imtăy'uag nătha ya-croth mălem fi!"''
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| ====Gloss====
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| ''Doan ngith, dur id tach chäth mi mogor lăytheath. Enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Mea ra łănam dunse?"''
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| one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"
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| Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
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| ''Roac ăngnung imchäth nătha, emcă'aw doan: "Müeșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thräf, șrüch te-chloas chustiw..."''
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| when PROG-count PL-child other answer one: 63 because six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3
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| While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
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| ''Łop enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Ǎna mea ra moach, srüe hădean do croth nătha?"''
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| then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"
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| Now Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
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| ''Emcă'aw id chäth ăfăyfay, "Op călu, Păda: șa-bang tsor tăy'uag paleac, sach făbeang imtăy'uag nătha ya-croth mălem fi!"''
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| PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person new that"
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| The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
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| [[Category:Lakovic languages]]
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