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| [[Venetian Hebrew/Lexicon]]
| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[Venetian Hebrew/Swadesh list]]
| | The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity |
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| '''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a descendant of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to [[Allemañisch]].
| | l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters |
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| Numbers:
| | Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh |
| 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør
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| 11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
| | /ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr |
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| 40: stay ngaxre
| | samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/ |
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| 60: hlusz ngaxre
| | definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural |
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| ...
| | Heth and he merge |
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| 120: merkø
| | pronouns: |
| | * 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/ |
| | * 2sg /tʰə/ |
| | * 3sg m /hʏ/ |
| | * 3sg f /hɪ/ |
| | * 1pl /nʏ/ |
| | * 2pl /tʰəm/ |
| | * 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/ |
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| 14400: rúø
| | Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style |
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| before: kkurm
| | /-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess' |
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| <!--
| | h-g-y 'to savor' |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved' |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big' |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| --> | | g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical' |
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| ==Introduction==
| | ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul') |
| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *''Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.''
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| **I like Hebrew, but I only know a little Hebrew.
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| *''tiwdith'' = [[Thedish]]
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| *''Am yagį li...'' = May I...
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| *''szą sze...'' = when...
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| *Many adverbs are from infinitive absolute
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| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called)
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| ==Phonology==
| | One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake') |
| ===Orthography===
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| ===Consonants===
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| /m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
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| Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | === Consonants === |
| | ==== Phones ==== |
| | ==== Underlying consonants ==== |
| | * |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * |b| from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/ |
| | * |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/ |
| | * |h| from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * |w| from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * |j| from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * |l| from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * |m| from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * |n| from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * |f| from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * |r| from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/ |
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| ====Mutations==== | | ==== Vocalizables ==== |
| Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
| | ''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|. |
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| p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
| | === Mutation === |
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| "Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
| | == Morphology == |
| | === Verbs === |
| | Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct) |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions) |
| /a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
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| Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress is always penultimate.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
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| *The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
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| *The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
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| *The regular feminine plural is -uth.
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| *However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benusz, blenusz'' = human
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| ''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
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| ''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
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| ''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
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| ''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
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| ''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
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| ''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
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| ===Pronouns===
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| Venetian Hebrew has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
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| ====Auxiliaries====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the present auxiliary
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''ni''
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| | ''to''
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| | ''te''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''i''
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| | ''nanu, onu, nu''
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| | ''tem''
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| | ''em''
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| | ''re, r' ''
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| |-
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| ! Interrogative
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| | ''am ni''
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| | ''am to''
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| | ''am te''
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| | ''am u''
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| | ''am i''
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| | ''am nu''
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| | ''am tem''
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| | ''am em''
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| | ''am''
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| |-
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| ! Negative
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| | ''eneni''
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| | ''en to''
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| | ''en te''
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| | ''en u''
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| | ''en i''
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| | ''en nu''
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| | ''en tem''
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| | ''en em''
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| | ''en''
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| |}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the preterite auxiliary
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''si ni, si thi''
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| | ''si tho''
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| | ''si the''
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| | ''so u''
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| | ''sto i''
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| | ''si nu''
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| | ''si them''
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| | ''su'm''
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| |}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the future auxiliary
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''lekh ni''
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| | ''tlekh to''
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| | ''tlekh te''
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| | ''lekh u''
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| | ''tlekh i''
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| | ''lekh nu''
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| | ''tlekh tem''
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| | ''lekh em''
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| |}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the subjunctive auxiliary
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''és ni''
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| | ''tás to''
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| | ''tás te''
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| | ''yás u''
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| | ''tás i''
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| | ''nás nu''
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| | ''tásu tem''
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| | ''yásu'm''
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| |}
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| Perfect: present copula + ''ár'' (negated: ''bli'')
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
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| :'''''R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
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| :''The man is eating the apple.''
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| :'''''Re bethi ni bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
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| :''My house is as big as a whale.''
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| :'''''Sto i lásuth halgbethø i bø rø-múhør.'''''
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| :''She did her homework very late.''
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| The definite article is a clitic:
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| *Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
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| *Plural: -il
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| Examples:
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| *''hadhør'' = a room
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| *''hadhraz'' = the room
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| *''hadhri'' = rooms
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| *''hadhril'' = the rooms
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| *''hadhør grul'' = a big room
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| *''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze'')
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| *''boti gruli'' = big houses
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| *''boti grulil'' = the big houses
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| *''tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
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| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatentation: ''szem malkaz'' = the king's name.
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| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az szom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze szom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
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| The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===UDHR, Article 1===
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| :'''''Kku kol blenuszil ledhø kø wlehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Kku'm lehangnig bø thwønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem léthnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø ahwø.'''''
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| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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| ===Tower of Babel===
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| # ''Bø khol ngulømaz tho áth sofø bø kkáth ledhabir ke uthøm miluthil lisztamisz.''
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| # ''Wini ksze yu'm bø losangøth me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszoraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.''
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| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lásuth lwenuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwenuthil leszamisz lom em kø awnebniyø, ke hemør kø mald.''
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| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lewnuth ngir ke mídøl bo i, yás ruszu u lagį le szomay, ki nás nu lásuth lonu szem, klu nás nu lithpazir ngal pli kol ngulømaz!"''
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| # ''Wini so Eluim lowu matø, sze yás u listakil ngiraz ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.''
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| # ''Ke so Eluim lemur: "Szą sze em ár hatholø lásuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø ledhabir áth sofø, lu yiye szum mikhszul ngal ma u ma sze yásu'm lithkawin lásuth!''
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| # ''"Enø, bu tonu lekht matø ke løwalbil soføthom em, pen yásu'm láwin szuthif."''
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| # ''Kokh so Eluim løfazir em, ke su'm lahdul lewnuth ngiraz.''
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| # ''Ke mi sibøzu fu sze ngiraz bø kkáth szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em ngal pli kol ngulømaz.''
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
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